Lecture 3: Anatomy/Physiology Flashcards
What makes the body work and survive?
- Support system: Bring in supplies to support growth and metabolism
- Waste system
- Reproduction system
- Oxygen supply
Digestive tract
- birds are monogastric and don’t have teeth
- Crop: pouch where bird stores food, but it doesn’t digest anything
- birds eat very fast to fill up the crop
- Food is then pushed to the provantriculus which secretes acids
- After that, the food goes to the gizzard, which grinds the food (acts as teeth/physical breakdown)
- After food moves through duodenum with more enzymes that process the food coming from pancreas and liver
- smaller nutrients now absorbed by small intestine
- ceca and large intestine reabsorb water and salt and make feces
- Cloaca: which has poop, pee and eggs exit from it
Demand for nutrients between broiler and layers differ how?
Since broilers grow in 6 weeks, they need a larger supply of nutrients that will support fast growth
Slower growth in layer hens, however when they produce eggs, their demands change, they need a lot of calcium to produce egg shell and will absorb calcium more
Both birds need amino acids in their food always
What is ventilation and gas exchange dependant on?
Pressure difference
What evolved a different way for breathing in birds?
Since birds fly up and down, pressure changes and therefore evolution changed the way birds breathe
How do birds ventilate?
- lungs of a bird are rigid structure that just allow diffusion into blood stream
- use 9 air sacs for ventilation, sternum bone moves air through different sacs
- all of this is dependent on pressure
How is the respiratory system used for Thermo regulation?
Panting -> shallow breathing of air saturated with moisture, warming it up with vapour and them expelling it
- birds do not sweat
How does waste removal work?
- Processing waste: liver - chemical processing/detox
- Excreting waste: kidney (garbage truck) - selective extraction, controls water balance (urine reg)
- Lungs: volatile substances removed
What moves supplies and waste around?
- Heart: pumps blood to organs and vessels - provides O2 to the tissues and removes CO2, nutrients, hormones and immune cells transported by blood
- Lung circulation allows for gas exchange
Arteries vs veins
Arteries - away from the heart
Veins - towards the heart
Who has a faster metabolic rate, humans or birds?
Birds
What is a birds average body temperature?
41-45 C
What is a birds heart rate?
400 bpm
What do each side of the heart do?
Left side: pumps oxygenated blood throughout the rest of the body
Right side: pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation
What happens to broilers that grow too fast?
Ascites: oversized muscle mass, demand for O2 exceeds heart capacity increased heart therefore fluid leaks out of capillaries
