Lecture 2: History Of The Poultry Industry Flashcards
What is domestication
Altering genetics of species through selective breeding to suit human need
Requirements for domestication
- tolerate presence of humans
- bred in captivity
- thrive in confinement
- provide benefit to humans
What is the first chicken we domesticated?
Jungle fowl is ancestor of domestic chicken
What was the poultry industry like before WWII?
before WWII:
- each individual country weren’t import, export, exchange
- local producers for local market therefore small production level and small consumer demand
- dual purpose farms - breeding and also broiler use and layer use
What did Don Shaver do?
- creating his own breeding line of chickens and began selling eggs and chickens to people he knew as a teenager
When did OAC open?
OAC and experimental farm opened in 1874
Who started the first poultry science course at UoG?
Prof. W.R. Graham in 1900s
What was the first poultry research ever done?
Poultry husbandry
When was the first conference of poultry instructors and investigators held? And by whom?
1908, Prof. James E. Rice
What was discovered back then in Poultry history about phenotype?
Phenotypes is not just black and white, they are controlled by more than one gene unequally
What is Epistasis?
Circumstance where the expression of one gene is modified by the expression of 2+ other genes
What genetic work did William Bateson do?
Comb trait controlled by more than 1 gene with each level of dominance heritability
What happened to the poultry industry during WWII?
Entire agriculture industry collapsed
What did Don Shaver realize during WWII?
When he went to war, he saw all the other species and variations of cows and chickens that were in europe but not in Canada and he wanted to change the breeding in canada. He did want anymore pure lines, he wanted to do cross breeding and widen the genetic pool. He became the only breeder left in ON.
What breed did shaver create in his exploration of cross-breeding?
Starcross 288
What is the hybrid vigour theory (heterosis)?
The increase in statue, biomass, and fertility that characterizes the progeny of crosses between diverse parents, such that the offspring is better of the two parents
What began happening after WWII?
- produce more food at lower cost
- start franchising
- more breeding companies on global scale
What is the genetic equation?
Phenotype = genotype + environment
When a breeder is selling to farmers, they must make sure…
That the farmers are continuing to maintain the environment that will affect their phenotype so that it can be maintained. (Management guides)
Advancement in Nutrition
New breeds require new feed
Advancement in health
- emergence of vaccination
- new sanitary standards (cleaning and disinfection) - due to a bigger concentration of birds leading to larger impact of diseases
- use and overuse of antibiotics
- bio security
All of the advancements in the poultry industry led to…
Integration!
Health and nutrition and breeding experts knew what the birds needed front the farmers to support a good industry and therefore developed an integrated system
Establish of supply management system
Once market became global, produce is expanding at such a rate that it become dangerous to let export and import overrun canada. Therefore supply management system authorized in 1972 by EFC, TFC, CFC etc….
Emergence of animal welfare
So much production began pushing animal physiological limits just to meet demand. 2012 by Cambridge U, animals are sentient and welfare needs to be implemented.
