Lecture 3

Question 1

Protracted Conflict Theory (PSC)

Answer 1

1. Grievances: grievances b/w communal identity groups (e.g., Familial, tribal, sectarian, religious, ethnic, racial, cultural, etc.) and states go unaddressed resulting in PSC.
2. Representation: state and communal identity group leaders are key - war often breaks out when one group HAS political representation and the other group DOES NOT HAVE political representation.
3. Edward Azar
4. Spikes: latent condition of communal conflict - ever present (i.e., spikes in open violent conflict).

Question 2

Three conditions of Protracted Conflict Theory (PSC)

Answer 2

1. Failure: States that have failed or are failing can’t meet needs (protect) a communal group.
2. Asymmetrical: asymmetrical political representation: state institutions cater to the needs of one group which negatively impacts another;
3. Discrimination: State policies discriminate against a particular communal identity group;

Question 3

Grievance

Answer 3

Communal identity groups and states engage in conflict due to unaddressed grievances on behalf of the communal identity group.

Question 4

Lines of division among communal identity groups

Answer 4

CERTS: Cultural, Ethnic, Religious, Tribal, Sectarian

Question 5

Latent communal conflict

Answer 5

Spikes: Latent condition of communal conflict - ever present (i.e,, spikes in open violent conflict).

Question 6

Greed

Answer 6

1. Opportunity costs: Opportunities costs are low (i.e., arms and men)
2. Resources: Countries are well-endowed with easily accessible natural resources are plagued by civil war - greed (of politicians and warlords alike) drives civil wars.
3. Incentives: Warlords have little incentive to give up to state.
4. Paul Collier

Question 7

Three state preconditions that increase likelihood of conflict in GREED system:

Answer 7

a. GDP: earn most of GDP through natural resources.
b. Accessible: easily extractable, loot-able, and sold
c. Economic opportunities: one of few means of making money in the state.

Question 8

Resource curse hypothesis

Answer 8

1. Chaos: states with an abundance of natural resources should be rich, however, they often fall into disorder and chaos.
2. Preconditions:
   a. Non-democratic
   b. Growth is uneven

Question 9

Dan Landis, Ethnic Conflict Handbook

Answer 9

1. No. 1: Ethnic conflict most destabilizing force in post-Cold War era
2. 2/3: Two-thirds of violent conflicts fought each year are ethnic conflicts
3. 80%: Civilians comprise more than 80% of casualties