Lecture 3

Question 1

Template models

Answer 1

• Match stimuli to template in memory
• Computers and scantrons support the idea
• Inefficient, irregular world, strict match

Question 2

Feature models

Answer 2

• Features more regular than patterns

- Complex objects composed of simple features

Question 3

Support for feature model

Answer 3

Neisser (1964)
- Extract features
- Makes note of features
- Compared to something we have stored
Lettvin et al. (1959)
- Microelectrodes into cells of frog retina
- Recorded activity

Question 4

Simple cells

Answer 4

• Simple patterns of light
• Location specific
• Edge, slit, line

Question 5

Complex cells

Answer 5

• Simple patterns of light
• Not location specific
• Edge, slit, line

Question 6

Hypercomplex cells

Answer 6

Moving lines

Question 7

Beyond features: top-down pattern recognition

Answer 7

• Gestalt grouping principles
• Neuroimaging evidence shows specialized brain areas for processing whole visual objects
• Pattern recognition influenced by knowledge

Question 8

Interval required to mask patterns

Answer 8

Shorter interval required to mask known patterns rather than unknown patterns (BOY vs YOB)

Question 9

Reading

Answer 9

• Top-down

- Patterns because of knowing words

Question 10

Word superiority effect (WSE)

Answer 10

• Show letter, mask
• Is letter this or this
• Show word, mask
• Is word this or this
• Did better with word

Question 11

RSVP paradigm

Answer 11

• Rapid serial visual presentation
• When present stimulus once then presented shortly after
• If shown second time in specific time it won’t be seen
  “When she spilled the ink there was ink all over”
  Wouldn’t see ink second time

Question 12

Recognition by components (RBC) theory

Answer 12

• Objects made up of combinations of geons
  Recognition involves:
• Parse objects into component geons
• Note where geons join (find edges)
• Match geon combinations to representations in memory
• Very bottom-up model

Question 13

Recognition by components (RBC) problems

Answer 13

• Expertise and experience affects early perception of object
• Overall can be perceived as fast as components

Question 14

Agnosia

Answer 14

• Failure or deficit in recognizing objects
• Patterns or features cannot be synthesized into a whole
• A person cannot connect the whole pattern to a meaning
• Caused by specific brain damage

Question 15

Prosopagnosia

Answer 15

• Disruption of face recognition

- Patients typically able to recognize other objects

Question 16

Apperceptive agnosia

Answer 16

• Disruption in perceiving whole patterns
• Cannot process basic features
• Cannot integrate into a whole object
• Located in right hemisphere parietal lobe

Question 17

Associative agnosia

Answer 17

• Can combine features into a whole, can copy and describe a drawing
• Cannot associate with a meaning
• Involves temporal lobes of both hemispheres

Question 18

Agnosia studies tell us

Answer 18

• Perception of features
• Integration of features into larger whole pattern (Gestalt)
• Association of the pattern to a meaning

Question 19

Space-based attention

Answer 19

• Attention placed in location
• Direction of visual attention can be separated by direction of gaze
• Direction of attention can influence our perceptions

Question 20

Exogenous cues

Answer 20

Draw attention to potentially important events in space

Question 21

Endogenous cues

Answer 21

Place attention according to expectancy

Question 22

Object-based attention

Answer 22

Attention is placed on objects