Lecture 12

Question 1

Change blindness

Answer 1

• When a change in visual stimulus isn’t detected even when looking for a change
• Happens during saccades

Question 2

Flicker paradigm

Answer 2

• Picture flickering
• 1 item in picture changes back and forth between flickers
• Change blindness occurs

Question 3

Inattentional blindness

Answer 3

• Failure to notice a fully visible object
• Cannot be completely avoided
• Can minimize by allocating full attention to task (not texting and driving)
• Some technology designed to aid can increase inattentional blindness (HUD’s)

Question 4

Aircraft HUDs

Answer 4

• Traditional aircraft have head-down displays, must look down to read instruments
• HUDs made to maximize head-up displays

Question 5

Do HUDs help pilots

Answer 5

• Enhances performance on specific tasks
• May be slow to respond or miss events in the external scene
• Not caused by visual clutter

Question 6

Automobile HUDs

Answer 6

• Compared digital HUD vs standard instrument panel
• Speed HUD lowered deviation in speed but increased deviation in lane position
• Lane position HUD increased deviation in speed but lowered deviation in lane position

Question 7

HUDs and attention

Answer 7

• May lead to inattentional blindness
• Attention focused on HUD instead of other things
• Called cognitive tunneling
• Linked to object-based attention

Question 8

Cognitive tunneling with HUDs

Answer 8

• Focusing attention onto a HUD
• HUD is perceptual object
• HUD separate from external scene
• HUD grabs and holds attention

Question 9

Linking object-based attention to cognitive tunneling

Answer 9

• Common fate
• Detection is better if targets appear on either the same object (moving or static) compared to when object appear across these objects
• Half dots moving, detection if colour change is same if both dots change in same group (moving or static)
• Attention has to shift