Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

monocultures vs mixtures of plants co-existing

A
  • monoculture = intensive agriculture

- monoculture are rare in nature

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2
Q

patio-temporal effects of monoculture cropping

A
  • huge areas growing the same limited number or crops/varieties makes them vulnerable to pests, diseases and extremes of weather and to nutrient losses
  • more diverse spread the risks
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3
Q

main arable crops in the UK

A

wheat, barley and oilseed

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4
Q

EU Common Agricultural Policy 3-crop rule

A

this rule requires UK farms of mor ethan 30 hectares have to plant at least 3 crops, with 2 of the main crops not exceeding 95% of the arable area

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5
Q

growing the same crop more frequently in rotations builds up

A

pathogens and reduces yields

-seen in oilseed rape

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6
Q

why do we grow so much oilseed rape?

A
  • good soil conditioner for wheat
  • grown before wheat = wheat yields are better
  • common in heavy land
    • but too much of this rotation (W,W,R) leads to issues (black grass and oilseed rape pest & disease control)
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7
Q

‘heavy’ land =

A

clay-rich

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8
Q

rotating crops: more diverse rotations

A

less profit

-but better for disease/ environment

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9
Q

crop production depends on

A

nutrient supplies

  • soil provides an important store, but when fertilisers added soil must have good capacity to hold onto nutrients so its not washed away
  • rate of nutrient loss from soil erosion and leaching usually exceeds natural replenishment of nutrients
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10
Q

component for holding onto nutrients in soil

A

Clays

-they generate parallel sheets

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11
Q

Clays layers:

A
Highest surface area 
-Smectite
- vermiculite (both swelling clays) 
-illite/ mica 
-kaolinite 
smallest SA
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12
Q

smectite and vermiculite =

A

-can hold ions between
-huge SA (12.5g = 1 ha area)
Swelling clays (swell & shrink)

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13
Q

building blocks of clays =

A
  • silicon tetrahedra
  • aluminium / magnesium octahedra
  • -often alteration between the 2 layers
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14
Q

colloidal =

A

clay material

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15
Q

clay materials have a lot of + / - charge

A

negative

-part is permanent / down to pH

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16
Q

Humus is an

A
  • organic matter
  • high pH dependent charge
  • reasonable permeant charge
  • able to move ions in soil
  • hold nutrients
  • when washed out, can be replaced (new ion storage capacity) for nutrients
17
Q

movements of ion with clay

A

-Clay is - charge, so positive ions in solution attracted to surface (they don’t bond but are held)

18
Q

movements of ion with clay if new ions added (fertiliser)

A

new ions go into bulk solution, they will move in and displace other + ions near clay - surface

19
Q

___ & clays play a vital role in holding nutrient reserves in soil

A

organic matter

  • especially in winter
  • but these are easily eroded
  • and organic matter can be lost by oxidation through tillage and other practices
20
Q

pathways of nutrients into crop

A

in =
diffusion and mass flow

out = leaking and extrusion

21
Q

how do plants facilitate the uptake of nutrients

A
  • H+ ATPase (pump)

- displace protons for cations

22
Q

colloids:

A
  • v small charged particles or macromolecules
  • some have permanent, some pH ,some BOTH
  • attract ions of opposite charge
23
Q

roots and cell walls of microorganisms normally have a net ___ charge

A

negative

–attract cations

24
Q

CATION/ANION exchange

A
  • quick
  • reversible
  • driven by conc of reactant and products
25
Q

e.g. of niche separation

do plants compete w each other for nutrients, or do plants obtain resources form different niches

A
  • soil pore size/root dimension
  • separation of roots
  • different root phonologies
  • different nutrient source preferences (ammonium vs Nitrate)
  • ability to use nutrients that are unavailable to other plants
  • extensive vs intensive root systems
26
Q

niche separation: different root phenologies e.g.

A

bluebells

  • root growth in sept-Nov
  • peak in march
  • root growth = when trees r losing leaves, less competition
27
Q

niche separation: ability to use nutrients that are unavailable to other plants

A
  • symbiotic N fixation
  • use of a-a N and organic N
  • use of organic P
  • mobilisation of insoluble molecules
28
Q

niche separation: extensive vs intensive root systems

A

ability to respond to patchy distribution of nutrients

  • some show targeting of root systems into nutrient rich patches
  • specialised roots
  • proteoid roots
29
Q

have we ended up breeding crops with poor root systems?

A
  • if we expanded arable land into grazing land, could we use perennial plants (larger root systems) perennial Wheat grass vs wheat
30
Q

light capture by crops

A
  • solar energy light captured by crop, may & june = high, drops off quickly after this
  • still light produced june-august but due to plant being matured = less carbon fixation
  • perennial crops would utilise this better
31
Q

increasing plant diversity increases ____

A

productivity

  • but in arable farming –> harvest? options?
    • crop rotations
    • green manures
    • agri-forestry
    • companion cropping
32
Q

clover & wheat sown together then barley in second year

A
  • addition of clover = really high barely productivity (no fertiliser)
  • but reduced wheat productivity – need N fertiliser
33
Q

beans and oil seed crop at same time

A

-beans on their own out perform the mixture

34
Q

niche separation: separation of roots

A

(to cope with water-limitation- desert) Some high, some low, dry areas= root high, wet = deeper)
- crops v small amount of roots <2kgm^3 compared to grassland