Lecture 3 Flashcards
monocultures vs mixtures of plants co-existing
- monoculture = intensive agriculture
- monoculture are rare in nature
patio-temporal effects of monoculture cropping
- huge areas growing the same limited number or crops/varieties makes them vulnerable to pests, diseases and extremes of weather and to nutrient losses
- more diverse spread the risks
main arable crops in the UK
wheat, barley and oilseed
EU Common Agricultural Policy 3-crop rule
this rule requires UK farms of mor ethan 30 hectares have to plant at least 3 crops, with 2 of the main crops not exceeding 95% of the arable area
growing the same crop more frequently in rotations builds up
pathogens and reduces yields
-seen in oilseed rape
why do we grow so much oilseed rape?
- good soil conditioner for wheat
- grown before wheat = wheat yields are better
- common in heavy land
- but too much of this rotation (W,W,R) leads to issues (black grass and oilseed rape pest & disease control)
‘heavy’ land =
clay-rich
rotating crops: more diverse rotations
less profit
-but better for disease/ environment
crop production depends on
nutrient supplies
- soil provides an important store, but when fertilisers added soil must have good capacity to hold onto nutrients so its not washed away
- rate of nutrient loss from soil erosion and leaching usually exceeds natural replenishment of nutrients
component for holding onto nutrients in soil
Clays
-they generate parallel sheets
Clays layers:
Highest surface area -Smectite - vermiculite (both swelling clays) -illite/ mica -kaolinite smallest SA
smectite and vermiculite =
-can hold ions between
-huge SA (12.5g = 1 ha area)
Swelling clays (swell & shrink)
building blocks of clays =
- silicon tetrahedra
- aluminium / magnesium octahedra
- -often alteration between the 2 layers
colloidal =
clay material
clay materials have a lot of + / - charge
negative
-part is permanent / down to pH