Lecture 3

Question 1

What are the digestive plans within animals bodies?

Answer 1

1. Head-gut
2. Foregut
3. Midgut
4. Hindgut

Question 2

What is so cool about foregut fermentors and their system?

Answer 2

They mix old and new food within their stomach (Rumen). From this it helps breakdown cellulose and allows for fermentation, where nitrogen is produced and is then used to make proteins

Question 3

What is so interesting about a cows digestive system and what is the name of this system?

Answer 3

Cows have a ruminant digestive system, This essentially means food enters body and goes into the rumen, where this and the reticulum act as fermentors, allowing for partially digestive food from the stomach is brought into this fermentation area and then is mixed With fresh foods and then brought into the omasum where it filters big Pericles, where the lids will then move into the abomasum, true stomach.

Question 4

What is specialized within hindgut fermenters?

Answer 4

They have a specialized gut chamber that allows for the fermentation of microbes. This allows for nutrients to be broken down a lot more effectively, and able to be consumed within their body.

Question 5

Where does digestion occur (in terms of spatial contexts)

Answer 5

1. Intraluminal (extracellular): enzymes secreted inside lumen
2. Membrane associated (extracellular): Enzymes are associated within the membranes of epithelial cells
3. Intracellular: Enzymes inside cell digest molecules

Question 6

How is protein digested since its so large?

Answer 6

It requires specific enzymes, there are two:

1. Endopeptidases, which break bonds within peptide chains
2. Exopeptidases, which is the split of terminal peptides from chains

Proenzymes, which are inactive, can also do such a thing, they are secreted in the stomach and then are activated by the acidic environment

Question 7

How are carbohydrates digested?

Answer 7

When the long polysaccharide chain enters the gut, initially they are first broken up into smaller components, then are broken down via membrane associated enzymes into monosaccharides, which are small enough to bring into the cell.

Question 8

What are membrane transporter proteins and how do they play a role in the absorption of monosaccharides?

Answer 8

Membrane transporter proteins are specialized proteins embedded in cell membranes that facilitate the movement of molecules across the membrane. In monosaccharide absorption, transporters like SGLT1 and GLUT2 mediate the uptake of glucose and galactose into intestinal cells and their release into the bloodstream, ensuring efficient nutrient absorption.

Question 9

How are lipids digested?

Answer 9

lipid digestion is annoying since they are insoluble in water, therefore they must go through an emulsifying process to break up the lipids, then bile salts are added, causing the breakdown of lipids. Now they are able to be broken further to triglycerols, and these are synthesized into the blood stream.