LECTURE 3 Flashcards
the stage where cell spend most
of its time where it grows,
replicates its chromosomes, and
prepares for the cell division
Interphase
____ the stage where cell divides;
• depends on the type of cell -
either ____ for somatic cells or
____ for sex cells
Cell division (M-PHASE)
Mitosis
Miosis
• cell division that occurs in somatic/body cells
• cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells
• essential for our body’s growth, development, and repair
Cell division; Mitosis
(4) Cell division of Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS
• thickening and coiling of the chromosomes
• shrinking and eventually disappearance of the
nucleolus
Prophase
CELL DIVISION; MITOSIS
• chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, also
called ______
Metaphase
Metaphase plate
CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS
• each chromatid pair separates into two identical
chromosomes
• chromosomes were pulled to opposite ends of the cell
by the spindle fibres.
Anaphase
CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS
• chromosomes begin to decondense, the spindle
breaks down, and the nuclear membranes and
nucleoli re-form
Telophase
CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS
• Nuclear envelope starts to emerge, surrounding
chromosomes and formation of cleavage furrow
• The end of the process results to two daughter
cells
Cytokinesis
cell division that occurs in sex cells/gametes
• cell divides into four unique haploid daughter cells
• essential for sexual reproduction
Cell Division: Meiosis
⚬ Meiosis I
Miosis
• also called as ___Division
• separation of homologous chromosomes
• produces ____ (n) cells
Miosis 1
Reductional
2 haploid cells
• The nuclear envelope breaks down.
• The ___ condenses into chromosomes
• Homologous chromosomes come together to form
____
• “_____“occurs, which creates genetic variation
Prophase 1
Chromatin
Tetrads/ bivalents
Crossing over
• Bivalents align at the equatorial plane (____)
Metaphase 1
Metaphase plate
• homologous chromosomes separate from each
other
Anaphase 1
• Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear forming ___
haploid daughter ____
• Cytokinesis may then follow. In some, no ____
takes place after meiosis I.
Telophase 1
2
Nucleoli
Cytokinesis
• also called as
____ Division
• Sister chromatids
separates
• produces ___ unique
haploid daughter cells
• almost similar to Mitosis
Meiosis 2
• separates the interior of the cell
from the outside environment
• consists of a lipid bilayer that is
____
• controls everything that enters
and leaves the cell
Plasma Membrane
⚬ ___Transport
⚬ ___ Transport
Plasma membrane
Semi-permeable
Active
Passive
____
• substances cross the plasma membrane
Without _____ from the cell
• from an area with ___ concentration to an
area with ____ concentration
⚬ solution = water + other substances
￭ water is the ___
￭ dissolved substance is the ___
• ____= more particles of a solute
• ____ diffusion
• ____
Passive transport
Any input of energy
Higher
Lower
Solvent
Solute
Concentration
Simple
Osmosis
____
• defined as the net movement of
particles from an area of greater
concentration to an area of lesser
concentration
• due to the presence of ____
⚬ unequal distribution of molecules
• once balanced, ____
exists
Passive transport: simple Diffusion
Concentration gradient
Dynamic equilibrium
____
• defined as the net movement of
particles from an area of greater
concentration to an area of lesser
concentration
• due to the presence of ____
⚬ unequal distribution of molecules
• once balanced, ____
exists
Passive transport: Diffusion
Concentration gradient
Dynamic equilibrium
____
• the passage of water from a region of high water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a
region of low water concentration
• water movement based on ___
⚬ ____ solution
⚬ ____solution
⚬ ____ solution
Passive transport: osmosis
Solution
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Hypotonic
PASSIVE TRANSPORT: OSMOSIS
• ____ solution (hyper =
_____)
• The concentration of solute in the
solution can be ___ than the
concentration of solute in the ___
• The net flow or water will be ___ of
the cell
Hypertonic
Greater than normal
Greater
Cells
Out
PASSIVE TRANSPORT: OSMOSIS
• ___ Solution (iso = ____)
• The concentration of solute in the
solution can be ____ to the
concentration of solute in cells
• The amount of water entering the cell is the ____ as the amount leaving the cell
Isotonic
Equal or same as normal
Equal
Same
• ___ solution (___ = ___ normal)
• The concentration of solute in the
solution can be less than the
concentration of solute in the cells
• The net flow of water will be ___ the cell
Hypotonic
Hypo
Less than
Into
___
• Diffusion of substances such as hydrophilic molecules, charged ions, and relatively large molecules such as glucose requires the aid of ____proteins
• Diffusion with the help of transport proteins is called facilitated
diffusion
⚬ Types of transport proteins
■ ____ proteins
■ ____ proteins
Passive transport: Facilitated diffusion
Transport
Channel
Carrier
• ____ proteins
• form ___, or tiny holes, in the
membrane
• allows ____ molecules and ____ to pass through the membrane
without coming into contact with
the ____ tails of the ___
molecules in the interior of the
membrane.
Channel
Pores
Water
Small ions
Hydrophobic
Lipid
• ____ proteins
• bind with ____ or molecules,
and in doing so, they ____
• As carrier proteins they ____
they carry the ions or molecules
across the membrane
Carrier
Specific ions
Change shape
• ____ transport is the pumping of
molecules or ions through a membrane ____ their concentration gradient.
• It requires a _____ (usually a complex of them) called a
____ and ____
• The source of this energy is ____
• Two types:
⚬ ____ Transport
⚬ ____ Transport
Active
Against
Transmembrane protein
Transporter
Energy
Atp
Direct active
Indirect active
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• _____ Transport
• Some transporters ____ directly
and use the energy of its ____ to drive active transport.
Direct/ Primary active
Bind ATP
Hydrolysis
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• ____ Active Transport
• Other transporters use the energy
____ in the gradient of a
____
• Direct active transport of the ion
establishes a ____
Indirect/ Secondary
Already stored
Directly pumped ion
Concentration gradient
• the process by which individual cells break down food molecules, such as glucose and release energy
• Cells can store the extracted energy in the form of ___ (____ )
• a single cell uses about ___ ATP molecules per seconds
• Consist of (4)
Cellular respiration
Atp
Adenosine triphosphate
10 million
Glycolysis
Transformation of pyruvate
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
____ • split the glucose molecule into two____ molecules
• These two molecules go on to
___ of ___
• splitting glucose requires ___ATPs,
while glycolysis makes ___
___ = net gain of ___ ATP
molecules
Glycolysis
Pyruvate
Stage 2
Cellular respiration
2
Four
ATPs
2
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
____• In ____, pyruvate will be transformed into a ____ compound called ____ (CoA)
• The resulting compound is called
_____
Mitochondria
Two carbon acetyl group
Coenzyme Q
Acetyl CoA
____ • the ___ takes place in the____
⚬ The space enclosed by the inner
membrane of mitochondria
• single pyruvate = ___ ATP
Citric acid cycle (krebs cycle)
Matrix
1
_____ • also called ____ (ETC)
• found in the ____ of the ____
• across the inner membrane, from the matrix into the intermembrane space
• results to ____ ATPs
Oxidative phosphorylation
Electron transport chain
Inner membrane
Mitochondrion
30-32
• Glycolysis = ___ ATP molecules
• Krebs cycle = ___ ATP molecules
• ETC = ____ ATP molecules
a total of up to ___ molecules of ATP
can be made from just one molecule
of glucose in the process of cellular
respiration
2
2
30-32
36
Chromosomes pairs up with and binds to its corresponding homologous chromosomes forming ____ (group of four sister chromatids) In the process called ____ and what phase
Tetrad
Synapsis
Prophase 1 (MEIOSIS)
The centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell and spindle fiber fan out from them
Prophase 1 (MEIOSIS)
Spindle fibers separate the homologous chromosomes in each tetrad and pull them to opposite poles of the cell
Anaphase 1 (MEIOSIS)
One chromosomes from each homologous at separate poles
Telophase 1 (MEIOSIS)
Each chromosome still consist of sister chromatids (no longer identical)
TELOPHASE 1 (MEIOSIS)
Ends with two genetically different haploid daughter cells (each contain one set of chromosomes consisting of paired chromatids)
TELOPHASE 1 (MEIOSIS)
DNA does not replicates
prophase 2 (MEIOSIS)
After chromosomes separate and move to different poles, they are now called CHROMOSOMES
Anaphase 2
Cytokinesis occurs in both cell
Telophase 2
