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1. ZOOLOGY > LECTURE 3 > Flashcards

LECTURE 3 Flashcards

1
Q

the stage where cell spend most
of its time where it grows,
replicates its chromosomes, and
prepares for the cell division

A

Interphase

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2
Q

____ the stage where cell divides;
• depends on the type of cell -
either ____ for somatic cells or
____ for sex cells

A

Cell division (M-PHASE)
Mitosis
Miosis

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3
Q

• cell division that occurs in somatic/body cells
• cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells
• essential for our body’s growth, development, and repair

A

Cell division; Mitosis

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4
Q

(4) Cell division of Mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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5
Q

CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS
• thickening and coiling of the chromosomes
• shrinking and eventually disappearance of the
nucleolus

A

Prophase

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6
Q

CELL DIVISION; MITOSIS
• chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, also
called ______

A

Metaphase
Metaphase plate

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7
Q

CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS
• each chromatid pair separates into two identical
chromosomes
• chromosomes were pulled to opposite ends of the cell
by the spindle fibres.

A

Anaphase

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8
Q

CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS
• chromosomes begin to decondense, the spindle
breaks down, and the nuclear membranes and
nucleoli re-form

A

Telophase

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9
Q

CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS
• Nuclear envelope starts to emerge, surrounding
chromosomes and formation of cleavage furrow
• The end of the process results to two daughter
cells

A

Cytokinesis

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10
Q

cell division that occurs in sex cells/gametes
• cell divides into four unique haploid daughter cells
• essential for sexual reproduction
Cell Division: Meiosis
⚬ Meiosis I

A

Miosis

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11
Q

• also called as ___Division
• separation of homologous chromosomes
• produces ____ (n) cells

A

Miosis 1
Reductional
2 haploid cells

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12
Q

• The nuclear envelope breaks down.
• The ___ condenses into chromosomes
• Homologous chromosomes come together to form
____
• “_____“occurs, which creates genetic variation

A

Prophase 1
Chromatin
Tetrads/ bivalents
Crossing over

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13
Q

• Bivalents align at the equatorial plane (____)

A

Metaphase 1
Metaphase plate

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14
Q

• homologous chromosomes separate from each
other

A

Anaphase 1

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15
Q

• Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear forming ___
haploid daughter ____
• Cytokinesis may then follow. In some, no ____
takes place after meiosis I.

A

Telophase 1
2
Nucleoli
Cytokinesis

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16
Q

• also called as
____ Division
• Sister chromatids
separates
• produces ___ unique
haploid daughter cells
• almost similar to Mitosis

A

Meiosis 2

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17
Q

• separates the interior of the cell
from the outside environment
• consists of a lipid bilayer that is
____
• controls everything that enters
and leaves the cell
Plasma Membrane
⚬ ___Transport
⚬ ___ Transport

A

Plasma membrane
Semi-permeable
Active
Passive

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18
Q

____
• substances cross the plasma membrane
Without _____ from the cell
• from an area with ___ concentration to an
area with ____ concentration
⚬ solution = water + other substances
￭ water is the ___
￭ dissolved substance is the ___
• ____= more particles of a solute

• ____ diffusion
• ____

A

Passive transport
Any input of energy
Higher
Lower
Solvent
Solute
Concentration
Simple
Osmosis

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19
Q

____
• defined as the net movement of
particles from an area of greater
concentration to an area of lesser
concentration
• due to the presence of ____
⚬ unequal distribution of molecules
• once balanced, ____
exists

A

Passive transport: simple Diffusion
Concentration gradient
Dynamic equilibrium

20
Q

____
• defined as the net movement of
particles from an area of greater
concentration to an area of lesser
concentration
• due to the presence of ____
⚬ unequal distribution of molecules
• once balanced, ____
exists

A

Passive transport: Diffusion
Concentration gradient
Dynamic equilibrium

21
Q

____
• the passage of water from a region of high water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a
region of low water concentration
• water movement based on ___
⚬ ____ solution
⚬ ____solution
⚬ ____ solution

A

Passive transport: osmosis
Solution
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Hypotonic

22
Q

PASSIVE TRANSPORT: OSMOSIS
• ____ solution (hyper =
_____)
• The concentration of solute in the
solution can be ___ than the
concentration of solute in the ___
• The net flow or water will be ___ of
the cell

A

Hypertonic
Greater than normal
Greater
Cells
Out

23
Q

PASSIVE TRANSPORT: OSMOSIS
• ___ Solution (iso = ____)
• The concentration of solute in the
solution can be ____ to the
concentration of solute in cells
• The amount of water entering the cell is the ____ as the amount leaving the cell

A

Isotonic
Equal or same as normal
Equal
Same

24
Q

• ___ solution (___ = ___ normal)
• The concentration of solute in the
solution can be less than the
concentration of solute in the cells
• The net flow of water will be ___ the cell

A

Hypotonic
Hypo
Less than
Into

25
Q

___
• Diffusion of substances such as hydrophilic molecules, charged ions, and relatively large molecules such as glucose requires the aid of ____proteins
• Diffusion with the help of transport proteins is called facilitated
diffusion
⚬ Types of transport proteins

■ ____ proteins
■ ____ proteins

A

Passive transport: Facilitated diffusion
Transport
Channel
Carrier

26
Q

• ____ proteins
• form ___, or tiny holes, in the
membrane
• allows ____ molecules and ____ to pass through the membrane
without coming into contact with
the ____ tails of the ___
molecules in the interior of the
membrane.

A

Channel
Pores
Water
Small ions
Hydrophobic
Lipid

27
Q

• ____ proteins
• bind with ____ or molecules,
and in doing so, they ____
• As carrier proteins they ____
they carry the ions or molecules
across the membrane

A

Carrier
Specific ions
Change shape

28
Q

• ____ transport is the pumping of
molecules or ions through a membrane ____ their concentration gradient.
• It requires a _____ (usually a complex of them) called a
____ and ____
• The source of this energy is ____
• Two types:
⚬ ____ Transport
⚬ ____ Transport

A

Active
Against
Transmembrane protein
Transporter
Energy
Atp
Direct active
Indirect active

29
Q

ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• _____ Transport
• Some transporters ____ directly
and use the energy of its ____ to drive active transport.

A

Direct/ Primary active
Bind ATP
Hydrolysis

30
Q

ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• ____ Active Transport
• Other transporters use the energy
____ in the gradient of a
____
• Direct active transport of the ion
establishes a ____

A

Indirect/ Secondary
Already stored
Directly pumped ion
Concentration gradient

31
Q

• the process by which individual cells break down food molecules, such as glucose and release energy
• Cells can store the extracted energy in the form of ___ (____ )
• a single cell uses about ___ ATP molecules per seconds

• Consist of (4)

A

Cellular respiration
Atp
Adenosine triphosphate
10 million
Glycolysis
Transformation of pyruvate
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

32
Q

CELLULAR RESPIRATION
____ • split the glucose molecule into two____ molecules
• These two molecules go on to
___ of ___
• splitting glucose requires ___ATPs,
while glycolysis makes ___
___ = net gain of ___ ATP
molecules

A

Glycolysis
Pyruvate
Stage 2
Cellular respiration
2
Four
ATPs
2

33
Q

CELLULAR RESPIRATION
____• In ____, pyruvate will be transformed into a ____ compound called ____ (CoA)
• The resulting compound is called
_____

A

Mitochondria
Two carbon acetyl group
Coenzyme Q
Acetyl CoA

34
Q

____ • the ___ takes place in the____
⚬ The space enclosed by the inner
membrane of mitochondria

• single pyruvate = ___ ATP

A

Citric acid cycle (krebs cycle)
Matrix
1

35
Q

_____ • also called ____ (ETC)
• found in the ____ of the ____
• across the inner membrane, from the matrix into the intermembrane space
• results to ____ ATPs

A

Oxidative phosphorylation
Electron transport chain
Inner membrane
Mitochondrion
30-32

36
Q

• Glycolysis = ___ ATP molecules
• Krebs cycle = ___ ATP molecules
• ETC = ____ ATP molecules

a total of up to ___ molecules of ATP
can be made from just one molecule
of glucose in the process of cellular
respiration

A

2
2
30-32
36

37
Q

Chromosomes pairs up with and binds to its corresponding homologous chromosomes forming ____ (group of four sister chromatids) In the process called ____ and what phase

A

Tetrad
Synapsis
Prophase 1 (MEIOSIS)

38
Q

The centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell and spindle fiber fan out from them

A

Prophase 1 (MEIOSIS)

39
Q

Spindle fibers separate the homologous chromosomes in each tetrad and pull them to opposite poles of the cell

A

Anaphase 1 (MEIOSIS)

40
Q

One chromosomes from each homologous at separate poles

A

Telophase 1 (MEIOSIS)

41
Q

Each chromosome still consist of sister chromatids (no longer identical)

A

TELOPHASE 1 (MEIOSIS)

42
Q

Ends with two genetically different haploid daughter cells (each contain one set of chromosomes consisting of paired chromatids)

A

TELOPHASE 1 (MEIOSIS)

43
Q

DNA does not replicates

A

prophase 2 (MEIOSIS)

44
Q

After chromosomes separate and move to different poles, they are now called CHROMOSOMES

A

Anaphase 2

45
Q

Cytokinesis occurs in both cell

A

Telophase 2

1. ZOOLOGY (6 decks)

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