LECTURE 3 Flashcards by ADEL CAMANTE

the stage where cell spend most
of its time where it grows,
replicates its chromosomes, and
prepares for the cell division

Interphase

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____ the stage where cell divides;
• depends on the type of cell -
either ____ for somatic cells or
____ for sex cells

Cell division (M-PHASE)
Mitosis
Miosis

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• cell division that occurs in somatic/body cells
• cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells
• essential for our body’s growth, development, and repair

Cell division; Mitosis

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(4) Cell division of Mitosis

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS
• thickening and coiling of the chromosomes
• shrinking and eventually disappearance of the
nucleolus

Prophase

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CELL DIVISION; MITOSIS
• chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, also
called ______

Metaphase
Metaphase plate

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CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS
• each chromatid pair separates into two identical
chromosomes
• chromosomes were pulled to opposite ends of the cell
by the spindle fibres.

Anaphase

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CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS
• chromosomes begin to decondense, the spindle
breaks down, and the nuclear membranes and
nucleoli re-form

Telophase

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CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS
• Nuclear envelope starts to emerge, surrounding
chromosomes and formation of cleavage furrow
• The end of the process results to two daughter
cells

Cytokinesis

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cell division that occurs in sex cells/gametes
• cell divides into four unique haploid daughter cells
• essential for sexual reproduction
Cell Division: Meiosis
⚬ Meiosis I

Miosis

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• also called as ___Division
• separation of homologous chromosomes
• produces ____ (n) cells

Miosis 1
Reductional
2 haploid cells

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• The nuclear envelope breaks down.
• The ___ condenses into chromosomes
• Homologous chromosomes come together to form
____
• “_____“occurs, which creates genetic variation

Prophase 1
Chromatin
Tetrads/ bivalents
Crossing over

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• Bivalents align at the equatorial plane (____)

Metaphase 1
Metaphase plate

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• homologous chromosomes separate from each
other

Anaphase 1

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• Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear forming ___
haploid daughter ____
• Cytokinesis may then follow. In some, no ____
takes place after meiosis I.

Telophase 1
2
Nucleoli
Cytokinesis

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• also called as
____ Division
• Sister chromatids
separates
• produces ___ unique
haploid daughter cells
• almost similar to Mitosis

Meiosis 2

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• separates the interior of the cell
from the outside environment
• consists of a lipid bilayer that is
____
• controls everything that enters
and leaves the cell
Plasma Membrane
⚬ ___Transport
⚬ ___ Transport

Plasma membrane
Semi-permeable
Active
Passive

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____
• substances cross the plasma membrane
Without _____ from the cell
• from an area with ___ concentration to an
area with ____ concentration
⚬ solution = water + other substances
￭ water is the ___
￭ dissolved substance is the ___
• ____= more particles of a solute

• ____ diffusion
• ____

Passive transport
Any input of energy
Higher
Lower
Solvent
Solute
Concentration
Simple
Osmosis

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____
• defined as the net movement of
particles from an area of greater
concentration to an area of lesser
concentration
• due to the presence of ____
⚬ unequal distribution of molecules
• once balanced, ____
exists

Passive transport: simple Diffusion
Concentration gradient
Dynamic equilibrium

Passive transport: Diffusion
Concentration gradient
Dynamic equilibrium

____
• the passage of water from a region of high water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a
region of low water concentration
• water movement based on ___
⚬ ____ solution
⚬ ____solution
⚬ ____ solution

Passive transport: osmosis
Solution
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Hypotonic

PASSIVE TRANSPORT: OSMOSIS
• ____ solution (hyper =
_____)
• The concentration of solute in the
solution can be ___ than the
concentration of solute in the ___
• The net flow or water will be ___ of
the cell

Hypertonic
Greater than normal
Greater
Cells
Out

PASSIVE TRANSPORT: OSMOSIS
• ___ Solution (iso = ____)
• The concentration of solute in the
solution can be ____ to the
concentration of solute in cells
• The amount of water entering the cell is the ____ as the amount leaving the cell

Isotonic
Equal or same as normal
Equal
Same

• ___ solution (___ = ___ normal)
• The concentration of solute in the
solution can be less than the
concentration of solute in the cells
• The net flow of water will be ___ the cell

Hypotonic
Hypo
Less than
Into

___ • Diffusion of substances such as hydrophilic molecules, charged ions, and relatively large molecules such as glucose requires the aid of ____proteins • Diffusion with the help of transport proteins is called facilitated diffusion ⚬ Types of transport proteins ■ ____ proteins ■ ____ proteins

Passive transport: Facilitated diffusion Transport Channel Carrier

• ____ proteins • form ___, or tiny holes, in the membrane • allows ____ molecules and ____ to pass through the membrane without coming into contact with the ____ tails of the ___ molecules in the interior of the membrane.

Channel Pores Water Small ions Hydrophobic Lipid

• ____ proteins • bind with ____ or molecules, and in doing so, they ____ • As carrier proteins they ____ they carry the ions or molecules across the membrane

Carrier Specific ions Change shape

• ____ transport is the pumping of molecules or ions through a membrane ____ their concentration gradient. • It requires a _____ (usually a complex of them) called a ____ and ____ • The source of this energy is ____ • Two types: ⚬ ____ Transport ⚬ ____ Transport

Active Against Transmembrane protein Transporter Energy Atp Direct active Indirect active

ACTIVE TRANSPORT • _____ Transport • Some transporters ____ directly and use the energy of its ____ to drive active transport.

Direct/ Primary active Bind ATP Hydrolysis

ACTIVE TRANSPORT • ____ Active Transport • Other transporters use the energy ____ in the gradient of a ____ • Direct active transport of the ion establishes a ____

Indirect/ Secondary Already stored Directly pumped ion Concentration gradient

• the process by which individual cells break down food molecules, such as glucose and release energy • Cells can store the extracted energy in the form of ___ (____ ) • a single cell uses about ___ ATP molecules per seconds • Consist of (4)

Cellular respiration Atp Adenosine triphosphate 10 million Glycolysis Transformation of pyruvate Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation

CELLULAR RESPIRATION ____ • split the glucose molecule into two____ molecules • These two molecules go on to ___ of ___ • splitting glucose requires ___ATPs, while glycolysis makes ___ ___ = net gain of ___ ATP molecules

Glycolysis Pyruvate Stage 2 Cellular respiration 2 Four ATPs 2

CELLULAR RESPIRATION ____• In ____, pyruvate will be transformed into a ____ compound called ____ (CoA) • The resulting compound is called _____

Mitochondria Two carbon acetyl group Coenzyme Q Acetyl CoA

____ • the ___ takes place in the____ ⚬ The space enclosed by the inner membrane of mitochondria • single pyruvate = ___ ATP

Citric acid cycle (krebs cycle) Matrix 1

_____ • also called ____ (ETC) • found in the ____ of the ____ • across the inner membrane, from the matrix into the intermembrane space • results to ____ ATPs

Oxidative phosphorylation Electron transport chain Inner membrane Mitochondrion 30-32

• Glycolysis = ___ ATP molecules • Krebs cycle = ___ ATP molecules • ETC = ____ ATP molecules a total of up to ___ molecules of ATP can be made from just one molecule of glucose in the process of cellular respiration

2 2 30-32 36

Chromosomes pairs up with and binds to its corresponding homologous chromosomes forming ____ (group of four sister chromatids) In the process called ____ and what phase

Tetrad Synapsis Prophase 1 (MEIOSIS)

The centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell and spindle fiber fan out from them

Prophase 1 (MEIOSIS)

Spindle fibers separate the homologous chromosomes in each tetrad and pull them to opposite poles of the cell

Anaphase 1 (MEIOSIS)

One chromosomes from each homologous at separate poles

Telophase 1 (MEIOSIS)

Each chromosome still consist of sister chromatids (no longer identical)

TELOPHASE 1 (MEIOSIS)

Ends with two genetically different haploid daughter cells (each contain one set of chromosomes consisting of paired chromatids)

TELOPHASE 1 (MEIOSIS)

DNA does not replicates

prophase 2 (MEIOSIS)

After chromosomes separate and move to different poles, they are now called CHROMOSOMES

Anaphase 2

Cytokinesis occurs in both cell

Telophase 2