Lecture 3

Question 1

A term that is often used instead of behavioural is

Answer 1

Conative

Question 2

According to Squire’s Model of Memory Systems, what are learning mechanisms that build attitudes

Answer 2

instrumental learning, classical conditioning, conceptual association, non-associative learning

Question 3

results of study on human fear conditioning paradigm

Answer 3

Amygdala patients show evaluation but no skin conductance (conceptual but not affective attitude)

Question 4

results of study of weather forecasting with amnesic, Parkinson patients

Answer 4

• Amnesics actually learned what happened, their behaviour is accurate, but they can’t tell you what the task is about (no declarative knowledge)
• Parkinson show the opposite (low behavioural performance, but they can tell you what the task it about)

Question 5

The behavioral component of attitudes

Answer 5

A behavioral preference characterized by an action tendency or readiness
- formed through instrumental learning (e.g., reward reinforcement)
- expressed in action (e.g., choices, approach/avoidance tendencies)
- may be best attitude component for predicting future actions

Question 6

how can you reduce your feeling of dissonance?

Answer 6

1- changing behaviour
2- changing attitudes
3- trivializing the importance of the inconsistency
4- rationalize the behavior

Question 7

belief disconfirmation

Answer 7

encountering information that contradicts one’s belief or behavior creates dissonance

Question 8

to reduce dissonance, one can

Answer 8

1. change their belief to match the new information
2. strengthen their original belief, reducing the impact of the new information (example of trump meme, those who supported Trump & believe the sex scandal article had strongest intention to share the meme - strengthen their original belief)

Question 9

effort justification paradigm

Answer 9

lead someone to engage in a behavior that they dislike

Question 10

what’s one way to reduce dissonance in effort justification paradigm

Answer 10

change attitude toward the behavior

Question 11

effort justification: study where participants perform boring task and accept to tell a new subject that the task is very interesting

Answer 11

Dissonance is reduced by adjusting attitude toward the task (reported attitude becomes more positive)

Effect depends on the strength of the justification
- when external justification is weak (1$ to lie), strong dissonance
- when external justification is strong (20$ to lie), weak dissonance

Question 12

Free choice/difficult decision

Answer 12

person forced to choose between two equivalent alternatives.

as chosen option is not clearly better, dissonance, dissonance reduced by increasing potiive attitude toward chosen alternative (spreading of alternatives)