Lecture 1 Flashcards
Explicit measure: Likert scale
how strongly do you agree or disagree witht the statement: I enjoy eating meat”
Explicit measure: Semantic differential
Assesses bipolar evaluation of an attitude object: everything is on a bad to good scale, unpleasant to pleasant.
Explicit measure: feeling thermometer
assesses degree of coolness vs. warmth toward attitude object
-often used to study political and social topics
which explicit measure allows comparison across attitude objects
semantic differential
implicit attitudes measures: automatic attitude task
spider as prime, respond to negative target more fast, and positive target more slow
-attitude toward object is indicated by speed of classifying good/bad target
implicit attitude measures: automatic prejudice
negative words are classified faster after black than white primes
The implicit association test (IAT)
- Incongruent trials vs congruent trials
- Implicit bias: harder for you to do the incongruent task
- Indirect because you never ask whether or not you like white or black people.
Study with facial electromyography (EMG)
results of self-report: people think black are more friendly
results of EMG: more negative (brows) activity to black faces for high-prejudice Ps
the three witches of attitudes
content, structure, function
what is the model around the three witches of attitudes called
The Tripartite Model
An example of the cognitive component
“I like x”, usually measures using self-report, can express complex attitudes that depend on contexts
an example of the affective component
pleasant/unpleasant, joy, fear, can be measures with self-report or physiological measures
the behavioral component
choices, approach or avoidance responses, distance from object, recalled behaviors
when attitudes are ambivalent, they are
- less certain
- held with less confidence
- less stable
-less predictive behaviors
what is meant by attitude content?
Attitude content refers to the different aspects or components that make up an individual’s attitude towards an object (cognitive, affective, behavioural)
name some functions of emotion
- object appraisal (apprach beneficial things and avoid harmful ones)
- social adjustment function (identify with liked people and dissociate from disliked ones)
- knowledge function (organizes information about things)
- value expression function: showing others what we value and who we are, expressing our self-concept and central values. for example, picking eco-friendly transportation can reflect our concern for the environment
bivalent model of attitudes: how is ambivalence represented on the positive scale and negative scale
strong positive attitude + strong negative attitude = ambivalent
weak positive attitude and weak negative attitude = indifferent
a study shows that if you have ambivalent attitude and one is primed, than that attitude will be more expressed in your behaviour. what does that mean?
when attitude is ambivalent, its expression depends on the context