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Child Development > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a genome ?

A

the complete set of an organism’s genes

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2
Q

What is gene synthesis ?

A

a method of producing DNA

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3
Q

What is a genotype ?

A

inherited genetic material

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4
Q

What is a phenotype ?

A

observable expression of the genotype including both body characteristice and behaviour

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5
Q

What is the environment ?

A

incorporates every aspect of individuals and their surroundings

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6
Q

What are chromosomes

A

long threadlike molecules made up of 2 strands of DNA

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7
Q

What is DNA (deoxyrobonucleic acid) ?

A

carries all the biochemical instructions involved in the formation and functioning of an organism

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8
Q

What are genes ?

A

basic unit of hereditary in all living things

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9
Q

What is crossing over ?

A

when gametes divide, the 2 members in the pair of chromosomes sometimes swap sections of DNA

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10
Q

What is mutation ?

A

A change in a section of DNA

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11
Q

What are sex chromosomes ?

A

determine an individual’s designated sex at birth

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12
Q

What are endophenotypes ?

A

mediate the pathways between genes and behaviour

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13
Q

What are regulator genes ?

A

control the activity of other genes

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14
Q

What are alleles ?

A

2 or more different forms of a gene

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15
Q

What is a dominant allele ?

A

if allele that, if present, gets expressed

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16
Q

What is a recessive allele ?

A

the allele that is not expressed if a dominant allele is present

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17
Q

What is homozygous ?

A

having 2 of the same allele for a trait

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18
Q

What is heterozygous ?

A

having 2 different alleles for a trait

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19
Q

What is the polygenic inheritance pattern ?

A

many different genes contribute to any phenotype outcome

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20
Q

What is phenylketonuria

A

a disorder related to a defective recessor gene on chromosome 12

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21
Q

What is carrier genetic testing ?

A

used to detemine whether prospective parents are carriers of specific disorders

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22
Q

What is prenatal testing ?

A

genetic testing during pregancy to asses risk for a range of genetic disorders

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23
Q

What is newborn screening ?

A

used to screen newborn infants for a range of genetic and non-genetic disorders

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24
Q

What is genetic nurture ?

A

non-transmitted parental alleles play an important role in the creation of the child’s environment

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25
What is the **active child theme** ?
children as a source of thier own development
26
What is **epigenetics** ?
the study of stable changes in gene expression that are mediated by the environment
27
What is **methylation** ?
silences gene expression
28
What is **behavioural genetics** ?
the sicence of being concerned with how variation in behaviour and development resulst from the combination of genetic and environmental factors
29
What is **heritable** ?
refers to chracteristics or traits that are genetically transmitted
30
What are **family studies** ?
attempts to determine whether phenotypic traits are correlated with the degree to which people are genetically related
31
What are **twin studies** ?
specialzed form of the family study used to compare the correaltuions for indentical (MZ) twins with those for same-sex fraternal (DZ) twins
32
What is the **equal environment assumption** ?
claims that both types of twins shared the same prenatal environment, were born at the same time, grew up in the same family and community and are always the same age when tested
33
What is **chorioncity** ?
notable differences in the degree of placental sharing
34
What are **adoption studies** ?
researchers examine whether adopted children's score on a given measure are corelated more highly with those of thier biological parents and siblings or those of their adoptive parents and siblings
35
What are **adoptive twin studies** ?
individual twins who grew up together are compared to identical twins who were seperated shortly after birth and raised apart
36
What is **heritability** ?
a statistical estimate of how much of the measured variance on a phenotypic trait among indivduals in a given population is attributable to genetic differences among those individuals
37
What is **polygenic** ?
are affected by a combination of many genes
38
What are **idiosynocratic life events** ?
suffering a serious accident, having an inspiring teacher, being bullied on the playground, etc
39
What is **neuron** ?
cells that specialize for sending and receiving mesages between the brain and all parts of the body, as well as within the brain itself
40
What is the **cell body** ?
contains the basic biological material that keeps the neuron functioning
41
What are **dendrites** ?
fibers that receive input from other cells and conduct it toward the cell body
42
What is the **axon** ?
a fibre that conducts electrical signals away from the cell body connections with other neurons
43
What is the **synapse** ?
the place where information is transmitted from one neuron to another
44
What are **glial cells** ?
cells in the brain that provide a variety of critical supportive functions
45
What is the **cerebral cortex** ?
the "grey matter" of the brain, consisting of 4 distinct lobes
46
What is the **frontal** lobe ?
brains "executive", is involved in cognitive control, including working memory, planning, decision making, and inhibitory control
47
What is the **parietal** lobe ?
engages in spatial processing and is also involved in the integration of information from differnt sensory modalities
48
What is the **temporal** lobe ?
associated with speech and language, and the processing of emotion and auditory information
49
What is the **occipital** lobe ?
processes visual information
50
What is the **corpus callosum** ?
a dense tract of connective nerve fibres b/w the 2 hemispheres
51
What is **cerebral laterization** ?
the specialization of the hemispheres of the brain for different modes of processing
52
What is **neurogenesis** ?
the proliferation of neurons through cell division
53
What is the **hippocampus** ?
a brain area that is heavily involed in memory process
54
What is **arborization** ?
formation of new dendritic and branches
55
What is **myelanation** ?
the formation of the insulating myelin sheath around some axons
55
What are **spines** ?
formation on the dendrties of neurons that increase the dendrites capacity to form connection with other neurons
56
What is **synaptogenesis** ?
the process by which neurons form synapses with other neurons, resulting in trillions of connections
57
What is **synaptic pruning** ?
the nomral developmental process through which synapses that are rarely used activated are eliminated
58
What is **dorsolateral prefrontal cortex** ?
vital for regulating attention, controlling impulses, forseeing consequences, setting priorities, and other executive functions
59
What is **plasticity** ?
the capacity of the brain to be affected by experience
60
What is **experience-expectant** plasticity ?
the role of species-typical experience in shaping brain development
61
What is **heightened vulnerability** ?
If for some reason the experience that the developing brain "expects" doesn't occur, due to inadequate stimulation or impaired sensory receptors, development may be compromised
62
What is **cross modal reorganization** ?
absent the experiences that are species typical (visual or auditory input), the brain reorganizes
62
What is **experience-dependant** plasticity ?
the process through which neural connection are reorganized throughout life as a function of an individuals experience

Child Development (9 decks)

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