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Child Development > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a genome ?

A

the complete set of an organism’s genes

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2
Q

What is gene synthesis ?

A

a method of producing DNA

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3
Q

What is a genotype ?

A

inherited genetic material

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4
Q

What is a phenotype ?

A

observable expression of the genotype including both body characteristice and behaviour

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5
Q

What is the environment ?

A

incorporates every aspect of individuals and their surroundings

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6
Q

What are chromosomes

A

long threadlike molecules made up of 2 strands of DNA

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7
Q

What is DNA (deoxyrobonucleic acid) ?

A

carries all the biochemical instructions involved in the formation and functioning of an organism

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8
Q

What are genes ?

A

basic unit of hereditary in all living things

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9
Q

What is crossing over ?

A

when gametes divide, the 2 members in the pair of chromosomes sometimes swap sections of DNA

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10
Q

What is mutation ?

A

A change in a section of DNA

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11
Q

What are sex chromosomes ?

A

determine an individual’s designated sex at birth

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12
Q

What are endophenotypes ?

A

mediate the pathways between genes and behaviour

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13
Q

What are regulator genes ?

A

control the activity of other genes

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14
Q

What are alleles ?

A

2 or more different forms of a gene

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15
Q

What is a dominant allele ?

A

if allele that, if present, gets expressed

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16
Q

What is a recessive allele ?

A

the allele that is not expressed if a dominant allele is present

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17
Q

What is homozygous ?

A

having 2 of the same allele for a trait

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18
Q

What is heterozygous ?

A

having 2 different alleles for a trait

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19
Q

What is the polygenic inheritance pattern ?

A

many different genes contribute to any phenotype outcome

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20
Q

What is phenylketonuria

A

a disorder related to a defective recessor gene on chromosome 12

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21
Q

What is carrier genetic testing ?

A

used to detemine whether prospective parents are carriers of specific disorders

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22
Q

What is prenatal testing ?

A

genetic testing during pregancy to asses risk for a range of genetic disorders

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23
Q

What is newborn screening ?

A

used to screen newborn infants for a range of genetic and non-genetic disorders

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24
Q

What is genetic nurture ?

A

non-transmitted parental alleles play an important role in the creation of the child’s environment

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25
Q

What is the active child theme ?

A

children as a source of thier own development

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26
Q

What is epigenetics ?

A

the study of stable changes in gene expression that are mediated by the environment

27
Q

What is methylation ?

A

silences gene expression

28
Q

What is behavioural genetics ?

A

the sicence of being concerned with how variation in behaviour and development resulst from the combination of genetic and environmental factors

29
Q

What is heritable ?

A

refers to chracteristics or traits that are genetically transmitted

30
Q

What are family studies ?

A

attempts to determine whether phenotypic traits are correlated with the degree to which people are genetically related

31
Q

What are twin studies ?

A

specialzed form of the family study used to compare the correaltuions for indentical (MZ) twins with those for same-sex fraternal (DZ) twins

32
Q

What is the equal environment assumption ?

A

claims that both types of twins shared the same prenatal environment, were born at the same time, grew up in the same family and community and are always the same age when tested

33
Q

What is chorioncity ?

A

notable differences in the degree of placental sharing

34
Q

What are adoption studies ?

A

researchers examine whether adopted children’s score on a given measure are corelated more highly with those of thier biological parents and siblings or those of their adoptive parents and siblings

35
Q

What are adoptive twin studies ?

A

individual twins who grew up together are compared to identical twins who were seperated shortly after birth and raised apart

36
Q

What is heritability ?

A

a statistical estimate of how much of the measured variance on a phenotypic trait among indivduals in a given population is attributable to genetic differences among those individuals

37
Q

What is polygenic ?

A

are affected by a combination of many genes

38
Q

What are idiosynocratic life events ?

A

suffering a serious accident, having an inspiring teacher, being bullied on the playground, etc

39
Q

What is neuron ?

A

cells that specialize for sending and receiving mesages between the brain and all parts of the body, as well as within the brain itself

40
Q

What is the cell body ?

A

contains the basic biological material that keeps the neuron functioning

41
Q

What are dendrites ?

A

fibers that receive input from other cells and conduct it toward the cell body

42
Q

What is the axon ?

A

a fibre that conducts electrical signals away from the cell body connections with other neurons

43
Q

What is the synapse ?

A

the place where information is transmitted from one neuron to another

44
Q

What are glial cells ?

A

cells in the brain that provide a variety of critical supportive functions

45
Q

What is the cerebral cortex ?

A

the “grey matter” of the brain, consisting of 4 distinct lobes

46
Q

What is the frontal lobe ?

A

brains “executive”, is involved in cognitive control, including working memory, planning, decision making, and inhibitory control

47
Q

What is the parietal lobe ?

A

engages in spatial processing and is also involved in the integration of information from differnt sensory modalities

48
Q

What is the temporal lobe ?

A

associated with speech and language, and the processing of emotion and auditory information

49
Q

What is the occipital lobe ?

A

processes visual information

50
Q

What is the corpus callosum ?

A

a dense tract of connective nerve fibres b/w the 2 hemispheres

51
Q

What is cerebral laterization ?

A

the specialization of the hemispheres of the brain for different modes of processing

52
Q

What is neurogenesis ?

A

the proliferation of neurons through cell division

53
Q

What is the hippocampus ?

A

a brain area that is heavily involed in memory process

54
Q

What is arborization ?

A

formation of new dendritic and branches

55
Q

What is myelanation ?

A

the formation of the insulating myelin sheath around some axons

55
Q

What are spines ?

A

formation on the dendrties of neurons that increase the dendrites capacity to form connection with other neurons

56
Q

What is synaptogenesis ?

A

the process by which neurons form synapses with other neurons, resulting in trillions of connections

57
Q

What is synaptic pruning ?

A

the nomral developmental process through which synapses that are rarely used activated are eliminated

58
Q

What is dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ?

A

vital for regulating attention, controlling impulses, forseeing consequences, setting priorities, and other executive functions

59
Q

What is plasticity ?

A

the capacity of the brain to be affected by experience

60
Q

What is experience-expectant plasticity ?

A

the role of species-typical experience in shaping brain development

61
Q

What is heightened vulnerability ?

A

If for some reason the experience that the developing brain “expects” doesn’t occur, due to inadequate stimulation or impaired sensory receptors, development may be compromised

62
Q

What is cross modal reorganization ?

A

absent the experiences that are species typical (visual or auditory input), the brain reorganizes

62
Q

What is experience-dependant plasticity ?

A

the process through which neural connection are reorganized throughout life as a function of an individuals experience

Child Development (9 decks)

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