Lecture 2 Flashcards
What is epigenesis ?
the emergence of new structures and functions during development
What is meiosis ?
a form of cell division in which the egg and sperm receive only one member from each of the 23 chromosome pairs contained in all other cellls of the body
What is a zygote ?
Fertilized egg
What is gene expression ?
which genes in the cell are switched on
What is apoptosis ?
“cell suicide”
What are androgens ?
a class of hormones that includes testosterone
What is the inner cell mass ?
A hollow sphere with a buldge of cells
What are fraternal (dizygotic) twins ?
results when 2 eggs happen to be realeased from the ovary into the falopian tube and both are fertilized
What is a neural tube ?
A groove formed in the top layer of differentiated cells in the embryo that eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord
What is the amniotic sac ?
a membrance filled with a clear, watery fluid in which the fetus floats
What is placenta ?
a rich network of blood vessels that extends into the tissues of the mother’s uterus
What is the umbilical cord ?
a tube containing the blood vessels that run in the fetus
What is cephalocaudal development ?
areas near the head develop earlier than those farther away
What is the vestibular system ?
the sensory apparatus in the inner ear that provides information about movement and balance
What is phlyogenetic continuity ?
humans share many characteristics and developmental phases with non human animals due to our shared evolutionary history
What is habituation ?
a decrease in response to repeated ot continued stimulation
What is dishabituation ?
when a perceptive change in the stimulus occurs, it becomes interesting again
What is state ?
refers to a continuum of arousal, ranging from deep slep to intense activity
What is REM sleep ?
an active sleep state characterized by quick, jerky, eye movements under closed lids and associated with dreaming in adults
What is Non-REM sleep ?
a quite sleep state characterized by absence of motor activity or eye movement and more regular, slow brain waves, breathing, and heart rate
What is myoclonic twitching ?
natural jerking movements
What is Bedtime fading ?
which the infant’s nedtime is shifted later to ensure sleepiness, and then graudally moved earlier
What is swaddiling ?
involves wrapping a young baby tightly in cloths or in a balnket, thereby restricting little movement
What is colic?
excessive, inconsolable, crying by a young infant for no apparent reason
What is a Apgar score ?
method of evaluating the health of the newborn immediately following birth based on skin tone, facial response, arm and leg activity and breathing
What is Infant mortality ?
death during the first year after birth
What is Low Birth Weight ?
infants who weight less than 2500 grams at birth
What is small for gestational age ?
they may be either preterm or full-term but they weigh substantially less than is normal for their gestational age, which is based on weeks since conception
What is kangaroo care ?
caregivers act as incubatros to help maintain infants skin temperature and to promote breast-feeding
What is structural racism ?
describes behaviours and beliefs that harm specific racial and ethnic minorites
What is developmental resilience ?
successful development in spite of multiple and seemingly overwhelming developmental hazards
