Lecture 3 Flashcards
What is context?
A set of stimuli that are in the background when learning takes place
- Different stimuli = different contexts
Context provides information about
- the situation we are in
- what the likely outcome of our behaviour will be
Discriminative stimulus - SD
- Stimulus, when present, that signals that the behaviour is likely to be reinforced or punished
Only getting food when the light turns red
Presence of a teacher
Red traffic light - Punishment and reinforcement SD
Stimulus delta
Stimulus that, when present, signals that the behaviour will not be reinforced or punished
- Doing a behaviour when Sdelta is present leads to nothing happening
- Taxi with passenger
- No staff at counter
Behavioral contingency
- These stimulus are present when response is happening
- Reinforcement of SD and extinction at Sdelta
- These stimulus influence our behaviour
Discrimination Training
- Training during which a behaviour is reinforced/punished in the presence of one stimulus and at the same time extinguished/allowed to recover in the presence of another stimulus
Stimulus Control
- When a behaviour is performed more frequently in the presence of one stimulus than in the presence of another stimulus
- Same as stimulus discrimination
- Result of discrimination training
- Control refers to the likelihood of a response happening due to the present stimulus
Talking when youre home vs in class
How does behaviour change with stimulus control?
- A stimulus that always proceeds a positive or negative reinforcement contingencies acquires casual functions
- A stimulus that always proceeds positive or negative punishment acquires suppressive functions on behaviour
What is the difference between differential reinforcement/punishment and SD?
- Differential reinforcement/punisher focuses on response classes, their function
- SD is the presentation of different stimulus for one behaviour
Incidental teaching
- The planned use of
- behavioural contingencies,
- differential reinforcement, and
- discriminative training
- in the student everyday life
Say a red car, and you get the red car
Concept-training procedure
- Reinforcing/punishing a response
- in the presence of one stimulus class
- and extinguishing it
- or allowing it to recover
- in the presence of another stimulus class
What is stimulus class?
A set of stimuli that have some common physical characteristics
- Includes stimuli that have previously been experienced and novel stimuli
- Similar dog breeds
Conceptual stimulus control
- We respond in a similar way to all stimuli in a stimulus class
- Even to new stimuli that we have not yet encountered
- We do not respond in the same way to stimuli outside that stimulus class
Dogs vs cats
Stimulus generalization
- When a behaviour thats has been reinforced in the presence of a specific SD, is also performed in the presence of other similar stimuli
- Similar SD can trigger the same response
Scared of one dog breed, scared of similar dog breeds
What is imitation?
- When the behavior is controlled by a similar behavior of someone else
- Additional physical or verbal prompts can be used
Cooking, tying your shoelaces - The behaviour can be reinforced in different ways
Praise or natural reinforcer(like taste)
Prompts
- A supplemental stimulus
- that raises the probability of a correct response
Physical or verbal
Generalized imitation
- Imitation of the response
- of a model
- without previous reinforcement
- of imitation of that response
Book; prompting raising arm, tapped once and the patient followed that
What is avoidance?
- A type of reinforcement contingency
- Prevention of a negative reinforcer
Driving safely
Shapes behaviour like walking or talking
Avoidance-of-loss contingency
- Response-contingent
- prevention of loss
- of a reinforcer
- resulting in increase of that behaviour
Balancing ice cream while cycling
Word hard in class or time out
Reinforcement Schedules
Specify how often and under what conditions reinforcement take place
- Influence frequency, stability and how quickly the behaviour can be extinguished
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcement follows the behaviour each time
- Strengthen or create behaviours
- Good for shaping behaviours or maintaining different ones
Intermittent reinforcement
Reinforcement follows the behaviour sometimes
- When behaviour is well established
- Less risk for satiation
Fixed-Ratio
- The reinforcement comes when you have performed the behaviour X (same number each time) times
- Post-reinforcement pause
Length of the pause is proportional to the number of responses one has to make - Establish slowly to not straining the ratio
Variable-Ratio
- The reinforcement comes when you have performed the behaviour X (changes) times
- X is the average number, unknown to the individual
- With or without post-reinforcement pause
Gambling
Checking your phone
Whats the general rule with reinforcement schedules with new behaviours?
- CFR to create a new behaviour
- Go over to FR with small ratios
- Increase ratios on FR
- Once behaviour is established with higher ration, switch to VR
Fixed Interval
- The reinforcement for the first response comes when a certain time, X, has elapsed since the last opportunity of reinforcement
- X is same number each time
- Post-reinforcement pause is reduced or eliminated - scallop in a diagram
- Number of behaviours doesnt matter
Waiting on the buss, frequency increases the closer the time is for the bus to arrive
Superstitious behaviour
- Behaving as if the response causes
- some specific outcome
- when it really doesnt
Hitting the ground before a throw
Bopping your head to get food
Watching a tv-show
Variable Interval
- The reinforcement for the first response comes when a certain time, X, has elapsed since the last opportunity of reinforcement
- X is an average number
- No post-reinforcement paus
- Low frequency
Pecking - decreases between windows of opportunity
Resistance to extinction
- The number of responses or,
- the amount of time
- before a response extinguishes
How does reinforcement schedules effect extinction?
- Intermittent reinforcement makes responses more resistant to extinction than CRF
Fixed ratio - High and stable number of responses
- Extinction goes medium fast
Variable ratio - Very high number of responses
- Extinction goes very slow
Fixed interval - Average and irregular number of responses
- Extinction goes fast
Variable interval - Fairly high and stable number of responses
- Extinction goes slow
Reinforcement and duration
- The reinforcement comes after the behaviour has been performed constantly for a certain period of time
- Pushing a lever 3 times, running a marathon
What is a behavioral chain?
A sequence of stimuli and behaviours
- where each behaviour produces a stimulus that is a reinforcer for that behaviour
- that stimulus can also be a SD or operandum for next behaviour
SD - signals a certain behaviour is likely to be reinforced
Operandum - signals that it is possible for a behaviour to be performed
- Task analysis of walking - its components
- Dog tricks
Forward chaining
- The establishment of the first link in a behavioral chain
- with the addition of successive links,
- until the final link is acquired
From sitting on the floor to walking
Total-task presentation
- The simultaneous training of
- all links in a behavioral chain
Tooth brushing
Backward chaining
- The establishment of the final link in a chain
- with the addition of proceeding links
- until the first link is acquired
Putting on clothes
What is concurrent contingencies?
- Two or more contingencies available at the same time
- Punishment and reinforcement for the same behaviour
Disruptive behaviour - give attention or ignore?
What is the difference between behavioral chain and shaping?
- Shaping gradually reinforce behaviours to reach a final one
- Behavioral chain links two behaviours to each other so that they occur in a specific order
What are different types of concurrent contingencies
Compatible responses
- 2 physical behaviours at the same time
Compatible contingencies
- 1 response but with 2 or more contingencies that gives the same outcome
- Reading: something interesting or attention
Incompatible contingencies
- 1 response, 2 contingencies that goes against it
- Reading: praise + classmates spits on you
Incompatible responses
- 2 responses
- Reading or Whisper (gives attention from two different people)
