Lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Response Class

A

Is a group of responses, with the same function, that gives the same outcome
- Getting food in your mouth
- Walking
- Playing an instrument
- Getting attention
- Can have similar topography

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2
Q

Function

A

Outcome of the response, often purpose of the response
- Physical
- Has an effect on the environment

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3
Q

What are the different response dimensions?

A

Topography
- Exact form of a response in relation to your body
- The way someone does something
- Walking, throwing
Latency
- Time between opportunity for response and response onset
Duration
- Time of a response in progress

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4
Q

What is differential reinforcement?

A
  • Reinforcing one set of responses and at the same time not reinforcing another set of responses
  • A specific way of eating food
  • Both positive and negative reinforcement
  • Changing the inappropriate natural contingency to the appropriate one
  • Can use different prompts to reinforce certain behaviors over others
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5
Q

What is differential punishment?

A
  • Punishing one set of responses and at the same time not punishing another set of responses
    Playing an instrument, violin, aversive sound
  • Les preferred compared to reinforcement
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6
Q

What is a task analysis?

A
  • You look on
    Response function
    Response dimensions
    Differential reinforcement and punishment
  • Look at the process
  • Have a final product
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7
Q

What is shaping?

A

Process of reinforcing successively closer and closer to the behaviour we want to achieve (terminal behaviour)
- Punishment and reinforcement contingencies
- Low frequency of the desirable response
- Walking, clicker training

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8
Q

What is variable outcome?

A
  • Nature shaping responses
  • Unplanned
    Talking clearly, learning an instrument
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9
Q

What is fixed outcome?

A
  • Humans shaping other organisms
  • Planned behaviours
  • Keep raising the criteria for the desirable behaviour
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10
Q

What are the different types of consequences?

A

(within 60 seconds)
- Unconditioned(something we are born with, basic needs for reinforcer) and conditioned(we have learned, usually maintains behaviour - attention, money)
- Reinforcers(food, water) and punishers (pain)

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11
Q

Deprivation

A

Withholding a reinforcer to increase the likelihood of learning and performing the behaviour - when the reinforcer is present
- Strong influence

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12
Q

Satiation

A

Consuming a substantial amount of a reinforcer to decrease the likelihood of learning and performing the behaviour
- Strong influence
Not hungry - food not a good reinforcer

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13
Q

Motivating operations

A
  • Explaining how much a behaviour is reinforced or punished by the consequences of the behaviour
  • Establishing operation
    Increase the reinforcers value
  • Abolishing operation
    Decreasing the reinforcers value
  • Motivating operation
    An operation that affects the effectiveness of a reinforcer - the reinforcer needs to have an impact
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14
Q

Premack Principle

A
  • High probability behaviours, like activities, can be used to reinforce low prabability behaviours so that the lower probability behaviours are more likely to occur
    Do homework - Play games afterwards
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15
Q

The different types of consequences

A

Unconditioned reinforcer
- Stimulus that reinforces behaviour without being paired with another reinforcer
Unconditioned punisher
- Stimulus that punishes behaviour without being paired with another punisher
Conditioned reinforcer
- Stimulus that reinforces behaviour because it has been pair with another reinforcer
Conditioned punisher
- Stimulus that punishes behaviour because it has been paired with another punisher

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16
Q

What is a pairing procedure?

A
  • When unconditioned stimulus becomes conditioned
  • Pairing a neutral stimulus with existing reinforcer/punisher
  • Present them close in time
    Neutral stimulus becomes conditioned reinforcer or punisher
    Click - treat
    Experiment
  • Called value-altering principle
17
Q

Example of punisher

A
  • Verbal prompt(no) + a slap on the hands
  • Verbal prompt + loosing something
    The verbal prompt turns into a punisher
18
Q

Generalized conditioned reinforcer

A
  • A generalized conditioned reinforcer has been paired with, or is exchangeable for a variety of other reinforcers
  • Often effective, less satiation with a specific reinforcer
18
Q

Back-up reinforcer

A
  • The several activities, things or privileges one can get for earned tokens, money etc
19
Q

Token economy

A
  • A system of generalized conditioned reinforcers where individuals can save and exchange these reinforcer for different back-up reinforcers
  • Can be at predetermined intervals
  • Effective to change behaviours
  • Needs to be specific
20
Q

Conditioned reinforcer/punisher without other stimulus

A
  • The conditioned reinforcer or punisher loose its effect and will not be conditioned anymore
  • Unpairing - not the same as extinction!