Lecture 2 Flashcards
Response Class
Is a group of responses, with the same function, that gives the same outcome
- Getting food in your mouth
- Walking
- Playing an instrument
- Getting attention
- Can have similar topography
Function
Outcome of the response, often purpose of the response
- Physical
- Has an effect on the environment
What are the different response dimensions?
Topography
- Exact form of a response in relation to your body
- The way someone does something
- Walking, throwing
Latency
- Time between opportunity for response and response onset
Duration
- Time of a response in progress
What is differential reinforcement?
- Reinforcing one set of responses and at the same time not reinforcing another set of responses
- A specific way of eating food
- Both positive and negative reinforcement
- Changing the inappropriate natural contingency to the appropriate one
- Can use different prompts to reinforce certain behaviors over others
What is differential punishment?
- Punishing one set of responses and at the same time not punishing another set of responses
Playing an instrument, violin, aversive sound - Les preferred compared to reinforcement
What is a task analysis?
- You look on
Response function
Response dimensions
Differential reinforcement and punishment - Look at the process
- Have a final product
What is shaping?
Process of reinforcing successively closer and closer to the behaviour we want to achieve (terminal behaviour)
- Punishment and reinforcement contingencies
- Low frequency of the desirable response
- Walking, clicker training
What is variable outcome?
- Nature shaping responses
- Unplanned
Talking clearly, learning an instrument
What is fixed outcome?
- Humans shaping other organisms
- Planned behaviours
- Keep raising the criteria for the desirable behaviour
What are the different types of consequences?
(within 60 seconds)
- Unconditioned(something we are born with, basic needs for reinforcer) and conditioned(we have learned, usually maintains behaviour - attention, money)
- Reinforcers(food, water) and punishers (pain)
Deprivation
Withholding a reinforcer to increase the likelihood of learning and performing the behaviour - when the reinforcer is present
- Strong influence
Satiation
Consuming a substantial amount of a reinforcer to decrease the likelihood of learning and performing the behaviour
- Strong influence
Not hungry - food not a good reinforcer
Motivating operations
- Explaining how much a behaviour is reinforced or punished by the consequences of the behaviour
- Establishing operation
Increase the reinforcers value - Abolishing operation
Decreasing the reinforcers value - Motivating operation
An operation that affects the effectiveness of a reinforcer - the reinforcer needs to have an impact
Premack Principle
- High probability behaviours, like activities, can be used to reinforce low prabability behaviours so that the lower probability behaviours are more likely to occur
Do homework - Play games afterwards
The different types of consequences
Unconditioned reinforcer
- Stimulus that reinforces behaviour without being paired with another reinforcer
Unconditioned punisher
- Stimulus that punishes behaviour without being paired with another punisher
Conditioned reinforcer
- Stimulus that reinforces behaviour because it has been pair with another reinforcer
Conditioned punisher
- Stimulus that punishes behaviour because it has been paired with another punisher
What is a pairing procedure?
- When unconditioned stimulus becomes conditioned
- Pairing a neutral stimulus with existing reinforcer/punisher
- Present them close in time
Neutral stimulus becomes conditioned reinforcer or punisher
Click - treat
Experiment - Called value-altering principle
Example of punisher
- Verbal prompt(no) + a slap on the hands
- Verbal prompt + loosing something
The verbal prompt turns into a punisher
Generalized conditioned reinforcer
- A generalized conditioned reinforcer has been paired with, or is exchangeable for a variety of other reinforcers
- Often effective, less satiation with a specific reinforcer
Back-up reinforcer
- The several activities, things or privileges one can get for earned tokens, money etc
Token economy
- A system of generalized conditioned reinforcers where individuals can save and exchange these reinforcer for different back-up reinforcers
- Can be at predetermined intervals
- Effective to change behaviours
- Needs to be specific
Conditioned reinforcer/punisher without other stimulus
- The conditioned reinforcer or punisher loose its effect and will not be conditioned anymore
- Unpairing - not the same as extinction!
