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Psychology of learning > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two major theories of learning?

A
  • Learning by association
    Respondent - classical - conditioning
  • Learning through consequences
    Operant - instrumental - conditioning
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2
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A
  • Focuses on the consequences of a behaviour in that context
  • Voluntary behaviour in interaction with the environment or context
  • The consequences makes the behaviour more or less likely to happen in the future (during the same context)
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3
Q

What is operant learning theory?

A
  • Behaviour followed by a consequence
  • The tendency to repeat the behaviour depends on the nature of the consequence, both pleasant and unpleasant
  • Focuses on the immediate consequences of a behaviour, less than 60 seconds
  • Consequences that occur immediately have the best direct effect on learning, make the behaviour more likely to both happen or not happen
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4
Q

What is a skinner box?

A
  • A controlled experiment to study the impact or patterns of operant learning
    The rat Rudolph
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5
Q

Law of effect

A

The effects of our actions determine whether we will repeat them
- Accidental action can lead to intentional action

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6
Q

Behavioral contigency

A

Occasion for response
- Its context
Response = Behavior
Consequence
- Immediate
- Outcome of the response

There is a reason why we do something
Gives a tendency or likelihood to repeat that response in the same occasion - because of the consequences it gave
Causal relationship

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7
Q

What is behaviour/response?

A
  • Overt behaviour ; things we can observe
  • Covert behaviour ; things we cant observe
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8
Q

Dead man test

A

If a dead man can do it, it probably is not behaviour

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9
Q

What is consequences of behaviour?

A
  • Something that happens naturally
    Hungry - we eat
  • Constructed from culture or social interactions
    joking - laughing
  • There are 4 basic behavioural contingencies
  • Need to have an impact on behaviour
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10
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Basic principle
- A response becomes more frequent if a reinforcer, or increase, has followed the response on previous occasions and under similar circumstances
Reinforcement contingency
- Presentation of a reinforcer contingent to a response, resulting in increase frequency of that response

  • Positive refers to presenting a stimulus
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11
Q

Example positive reinforcement contigency

A

Before
-No Instagram
R as in response
- Gets the app
Consequence - Stimulus Reinforcer (SR)
- Notification from Instagram

  • Doing a trick for food
  • Begging
  • Raise hand for attention
  • Disruptive behaviours for attention
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12
Q

How to not talk about behaviour

A
  • Dont assume anything from children or animals in terms of, example, expectancy
  • Avoid circular reasoning, think of what actually is behind the behaviour - what taught it to happen, what do you get out of it etc
  • Whats the immediate consequence of the behaviour?
  • Keep things simple
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13
Q

Negative Reinforcement - Escape

A

Basic principle
- A response becomes more frequent if the removal of an aversive stimulus has followed the response on previous occasions, under same circumstances
Reinforcement contingency
- Removal of an aversive stimulus contingent to a response, resulting in an increased frequency of that response

  • Negative refers to reinforcement by removing a stimulus
  • What stimulus is aversive depends on the person
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14
Q

Example of escape contigency

A

Before
- Scary movie on TV
R
- Covering face with my pillow
or
- Changing the channel
SR
- No scary movie in front of me

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15
Q

Avoidance Contingency

A
  • Prevention of aversive stimulus contingent to a response, resulting in an increased frequency of that response
  • Sunglasses on before the sun gets in your face
  • Wool socks on before youre cold
  • Avoiding situations that have been unpleasant in the past (Maintaining anxiety for example -possibly from escape contingencies or respondent conditioning)
  • Dysfunctional behavior
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16
Q

Positive punishment

A

Basic principle
- A response becomes less frequent if an undesirable consequence has followed the response on previous occasions, under similar circumstances
Punishment contingency
- Presentation of aversive stimulus contingent to a response, resulting in decreased frequency of that response

Aversive stimulus - negative reinforcer = punisher
- No change in behaviour - no punshment

17
Q

Examples positive punishment

A
  • Spray when cats bite on cables
  • Placed in bed (baby)
  • Scolding
18
Q

Positive punishment & parenting

A
  • Use when behaviour is clearly defined
  • Used as immediate consequence + reasoning behind it
  • Risk of the punishment getting backfired
19
Q

What should you do before you add a reinforcer?

A
  • Check if its actually a reinforcer for the person, we are all different
  • Does the reinforcer actually have an effect on behaviour? (doesnt always have to be a reinforcer just because someone claims it to be)
20
Q

Preference assessment

A

Identify protentional reinforcer

21
Q

Reinforcer assessment

A

The reinforcers effect on behaviour

22
Q

Automatic reinforcement

A
  • The response itself automatically produces the reinforcer
    Stimming
    No outside stimuli
23
Q

Socially mediated reinforcement

A
  • Another person provides the reinforcer
    Comfort
    Attention from others
    A smile
24
Q

Delay Gradient

A
  • The effects of reinforcement and punishment contingencies
  • decrease
  • as the delay between the response and the outcome increase
25
Q

Noncontingent event

A

An event that is not dependant on anything *

26
Q

Environmental enrichment general rule

A
  • You can increase the frequency of entering a setting
  • by putting more reinforcements in that setting,
  • but to increase productivity, add reinforcements to improve productivity
27
Q

Sick social cycle

A
  • In escaping
  • the perpetrators aversive behaviour (baby crying),
  • the victim (parent) unintentionally reinforces
  • that aversive behaviour (by giving the baby attention when it cries)
  • Dysfunctional behaviours
28
Q

Overcorrection

A
  • A contingency
  • on inappropriate behavior
  • requiring the person
  • to engage in an effortful response
  • that more than corrects
  • the effect of the inappropriate behavior

Flipping furniture - clean the entire living room

29
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Basic principle
- A response becomes less frequent if the removal of a desirable consequence has followed the response on previous occasions, under similar circumstance
Penalty contingency
- Removal of a desirable stimulus contingent to a response, resulting decreased frequency of that response

  • Good to correct behaviour; burning your hand on a stove
  • The term negative refers to punishment by removing a stimulus
  • Not the same reinforcer thats maintaining the punished response
30
Q

Examples negative punishment

A
  • Token economy, loosing points for inappropriate behaviour
  • Loosing ice cream privileges
31
Q

Response contingency

A
  • The response-contingent removal of
  • a tangible reinforcer
  • resulting in a decreased frequency
32
Q

Time out concepts

A
  • Punishment based procedure based on loss of reinforcement,
  • time based
  • time outs in games - warnings

Exclusionary time-out
None exclusionary time-out

The response-contingent of access to reinforcer, resulting in decreased frequency of that response

33
Q

Does punishment work?

A
  • Inappropriate to control children behaviour
  • Positive reinforcement is much more effective
  • Work if they are well thought out and clearly point out behaviour
34
Q

Can you undo previous learning?

A
  • No but its possible to to re-learn - add new contingencies
35
Q

Extinction - following reinforcement

A

Basic principle
- Stopping the reinforcement contingency for a previously reinforced response means that the frequency of the response decreases
Extinction contingency
- Removal of reinforcing (positive or negative) consequence. resulting in decreased frequency of the previously reinforced response

  • Change of context
  • “Extinction burst”
36
Q

Recovery - following punishment

A

Basic principle
- Stopping the punishment contingency for a previously punished response means that the frequency of the response increases back to its previous level
Recover contingency
- Removal of a punishing consequence, resulting in increased frequency of the previously punished response

  • Stopping punishment can lead to old behaviour coming back at the same frequency

Psychology of learning (5 decks)

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