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My Packs: UWO (KIN 1080) > Lecture 29 > Flashcards

Lecture 29 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the double step paradigm?

A

The time to make a correctino occur within 75 milliseconds

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2
Q

What supports the double step paradigm?

A

The extrageniculate pathway

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3
Q

What stimuli is the extrageniculate pathway for?

A

Dynamic and unexpected stimuli

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4
Q

In Zelaznik et al. (1983), what was evaluated?

A

The minimum time to use vision in an ongiong movement

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5
Q

What were the results from Zelaznik et al. (1983)?

A

Minimum process time to incorporate vision in an ongoing movement is between 75 and 150 milliseconds

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6
Q

What is the feedback delay action supported by?

A

Dorsal visual pathway (V1-PPC)

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7
Q

Describe:

Semicircular canals

A

A part of proprioception - Vestibular system
* 3 fluid filled ‘half circles’
* Can detect changes in the x, y, and z directions

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8
Q

What are semicircular canals sensitive for?

A

Angular accelerations

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9
Q

What information do semicircular canals provide?

A

Provides information regarding position of the head relative to body

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10
Q

Describe and give an example of:

Motion detected by the Horizontal (lateral) canal

A

Detects head rotation around vertical axis (spinning etc.)

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11
Q

Describe and give an example of:

Motion detected by the Anterior canal

A

Detects head rotation in the sagittal plane (nodding etc.)

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12
Q

Describe and give an example of:

Motion detected by the Posterior canal

A

Detects head rotation in frontal planes (completing a somersault etc.)

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13
Q

What are the 3 semicircular canals?

A
  1. Horizontal (lateral) canal
  2. Anterior canal
  3. Posterior canal
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14
Q

Describe:

The design of semicircular canals?

A

Canals filled with fluid and cilia that are orientated in a specific direction

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15
Q

What does the cilia do in semicircular canals?

A

When the movement of the fluid corresponds with the direction of the cilia, it sends a signal to notify the movement

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16
Q

Define:

Otolith organs

A

Detect changes in gravity and acceleration
* A harder structure that the semicircular canals
* Contains utricles and saccules

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17
Q

Describe:

Utricle

A

Detects change in horizontal movement and linear acceleration
* E.x. Walking

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18
Q

What is the utricle important for?

A

Eye movements

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19
Q

Describe:

Saccule

A

Detects changes in vertical movement and linear acceleration
* E.g. Elevation sensation

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20
Q

What is the saccule important for?

A

Posture

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21
Q

What is responsible for motion sickness?

A

The saccule

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22
Q

Explain what happens in motion sickness

A

Sensory mismatch
* Conflict of information between visual and vestibular systems, causing motion sickness

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23
Q

What can result from vestibular deficit results?

A

Lesions involving vestibular nuclei (sending input information) can result in:
* Significant balance deficits
* Shows as a leaning towards one direction, almost falling in that direction

24
Q

True or False:

VOR happens unconsciously

A

True, vestibular ocular reflex occurs unconsciously

25
Q

Describe:

Vestibular ocular reflex (VOR)

A

When the head moves in one direction, the VOR will move the eyes back in the opposite direction of head movement

26
Q

What is the purpose of VOR?

A

To maintain stable fixation on something (e.x. eyes on the road when it is bumpy)

27
Q

What can lesions causing loss of VOR lead to?

A

Can cause nystagmus eye movement

28
Q

What is nystagmus eye movement?

A

Rapid eye movement attempting to maintain fixation

29
Q

Why does nystagmus eye movement when you consume alcohol?

A

Changes viscosity of fluid in semicircular canals, creates perception that you are moving even though you aren’t

30
Q

How are muscle spindles connected with extrafusal muscle fibers?

A

Connect in parallel

31
Q

What do muscle spindles do?

A

Provide information about stretch of the muscle

32
Q

How is the sensitivity to stretch of a muscle spindle set?

A

Set by fusimotor/gamma motor neurons

33
Q

True or False:

There is 1 type of muscle spindle

A

False, there are multiple

34
Q

What types of muscle spindles provide system with information about limb position?

A

Type 1a and Type 2

35
Q

Describe:

Type 1a muscle spindles

A
  • Sensitive to rapid stretch of the muscle
  • Active when there is a velocity change induced by a strertch of the muscle
36
Q

When is a type 1a muscle spindle most active?

A

When you first begin to move (when the agonist first begins contraction)

37
Q

Describe:

Type 2 muscle spindles

A
  • Provide information about static position of the limbs
  • Provide information about static stretch
38
Q

What does a type 2 muscle spindle allow you to know?

A

Allows you to know where your limb is when it is not moving

39
Q

Describe:

Monosynaptic stretch reflex

A

Involves one synapse
* E.x. Knee tap reflex

40
Q

Explain:

How the knee tap reflex works

A
  1. Hammer strike on patella tendon causes quadriceps muscles to stretch
  2. Detected by type 1a muscle spindles, sends information to spinal cord
  3. Information synapses and send DIRECTY to an alpha motor neuron
  4. Stretched muscle contracts (ACTIVATES)
41
Q

Describe:

Hyperreflexia

A

Abnormal, exaggerated reflex
* Exaggerated motor neuron amplitude causes abnormally large contract and thus motion

42
Q

What does hyperreflexia indicate?

A

Indicative of an upper motor neuron injury

43
Q

Describe:

Hyporeflexia

A

Absence of reflex
* Absence on contraction or small contraction

44
Q

What does hyporeflexia indicate?

A

Indicative of a lower motor neuron injury

45
Q

What are the two postural control strategies?

A

Ankle strategy
Hip strategy

46
Q

When is the ankle strategy used? Describe

A

When there is a small threat to posture stability
* To counteract, body recruits muscles in inverted pendulum strategy

47
Q

When is the hip strategy used? Describe

A

When there is a major threat to posture stability
* Uses a proximal to distal strategy

48
Q

What is the inverted pendulum strategy?

A

Normally, body goes from proximal to distal
* Inverted pendulum is going from distal to proximal

49
Q

True or False:

The hip strategy is more efficient than the ankle strategy

A

False, it is not very efficient

50
Q

Where are Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) located?

A

Located in the neuro-tendinous junction between muscle and tendon

51
Q

Why are GTOs hard to study?

A

Manipulations will rupture them

52
Q

Describe:

Function of Golgi tendon organ

A

Provide information about tnesion or force development in the muscle
* Prevents overstretch and rupture by inhibiting alpha motor neuron

53
Q

What kind of synapse connections do Golgi tendon organs use?

A

Oligosynaptic (two synapses) connections

54
Q

Describe:

How the Golgi tendon organs and oligosynaptic connections work

A
  1. Sends information to CNS about a contracting muscle
  2. Information gets projected into CNS and synapses with an inhibitory interneuron
  3. Inhibitor interneuron synapses with alpha motor neuron
  4. DEACTIVATES the alpha motor neuron
55
Q

True or False:

Athletes can ignore information from GTO

A

True

My Packs: UWO (KIN 1080) (27 decks)

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