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My Packs: UWO (KIN 1080) > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define:

Concussion

A

An injury that occurs to the brain’s neural and glial cells, as a result of a mechanical force transmitted to the head or any other region of the body

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2
Q

What type of injury is a concussion?

A

A traumatic brain injury

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3
Q

What are neural cells?

A

Neurons, cells that send information

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4
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Packing cells, serves as insulation

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5
Q

List:

Types of events that cause concussions

A
  1. Linear (translational) acceleration
  2. Rotational (angular) acceleration
  3. Impact deceleration
  4. Impact deceleration secondary to head striking an opposing player’s body
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6
Q

True or False:

A concussion is not a mild injury

A

True

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7
Q

Describe:

Fencing Reflex

A

A very severe symptom of concussion, occurs when there is damage to the brain stem
Tell-tale signs include fingers clenching, clawing together in front of face

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8
Q

Define:

Secondary Impact Syndrome

A

Putting players back in play too early after first concussion which sets the stage for a second more severe concussion

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9
Q

What sport has the highest absolute value of concussions in NCAA? What sport has the highest relative value?

A

Absoulte: American Football
Relative: Soccer (Women’s)

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10
Q

Why would women’s soccer report more concussions than men’s soccer?

A
  • Men don’t report
  • Assumption that women get injured more easily
  • More teams in women’s league
  • Sex hormones can lead to difference in susceptibility to concussions
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11
Q

In an Australian report, what sports have very high rates of concussions?

A

Horse riding sports and rugby

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12
Q

Define:

Coup Injury

A

The initial deceleration where brain collides with the skull

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13
Q

Define:

Contre-Coup Injury

A

The collision of the brain with the skull when the brain bounces back after the coup injury

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14
Q

State the coup and contre-coup injury:

When struck at the front

A

Coup: Frontal lobe
Contre-coup: Occipital lobe

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15
Q

State the coup and contre-coup injury:

Struck on side of head

A

Coup: Temporal lobe
Contre-coup: Other temporal lobe

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16
Q

What purpose does the frontal lobe serve?

A

Executive and high-level cognitive function

17
Q

What function does the temporal lobe serve?

A

Memory and language function (left-right)

18
Q

Describe the Neurometabolic Cascade

A
  • Lack of ATP
  • Lack of energy to support sodium potassium pump
  • Cytoskeletal damage, becomes leaky
  • Axonal shortening
  • Inflammation
  • Altered neural transmission
19
Q

Describe:

Axonal shortening

A

Neuron axon shortens, widens gap between neurons and less efficient information transmission

20
Q

What are the effects of neurometabolic cascade?

A
  • Altered neural transmission
  • After concussive event, almost 50% lower levels of blood flow which leads to oxidative stress
  • Decreased cerebral blood flow, impacting recovery rate, directly contributes to oxidative stress and possibly cell death
21
Q

What is the classic concussion treatment?

A
  • Since brain activity increases cerebral blood flow
  • Mild exercise is used
22
Q

What is the traditional assessment for concussions? List things done in this assessment

A

SCAT-5, now SCAT-7 (Sport Concussion Assessment Tool)
State months in reverse order, memory recall task, reverse number recall task etc.

23
Q

True or False:

SCAT-5 is the main assessment for concussions

A

False, it has fallen out of favor as it is only good when done within 3 days of the concussion; it is now generally a sideline assessment

24
Q

True or False:

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) can only be diagnosed post-mortem via autopsy

A

True

25
Q

Describe:

CTE (Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy)

A
  • Brain has atrophied
  • Ventricles are enlarged
26
Q

What do ventricles of brain do?

A

Store cerebrospinal fluid that lubricates the brain

27
Q

Ventricle enlargement is also a characteristic of what disease?

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

28
Q

How is CTE different from Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

CTE results in damage to the very small penetrating arteries in the brain (damaged in the really fine folds of the brain)

This results in less oxygen and nutrients getting to the brain, and causes cell death

29
Q

True or False:

CTE only occurs in old people

A

False

30
Q

What are hallmark features of CTE?

A
  • Poor impulse control
  • Aggresiveness
  • Depression
  • Suicidal behaviour
  • Progressive decline of memory and cognition
31
Q

Why is concussion diagnosis difficult?

A

Cannot use standard imaging to show the damage from concussions

Requires using neuropsychological assessments, done on sheet and paper

32
Q

List and describe the purpose of:

Common neuropsychological assessments used for concussion diagnosis

A
  • Trail Making Task: For information processing, important part of cognitive flexibility important part of executive function
  • Ray-Osterreith Complex Figure Test: For working memory, the ability to remember and use information; done by being presented with complex drawings and required to be drawn
33
Q

What are ERPs? How are they used in concussion diagnosis

A

ERPs are averaged electrical brain responses to time-locked stimuli; measures cognition
EEG measures the electrical response of the brain to a specific stimulus

My Packs: UWO (KIN 1080) (27 decks)

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