Lecture 25

Question 1

True or False:

STM is categorical in nature, and veridical

Answer 1

False, STM is categorical but NOT veridical (not precise/absolute)

Question 2

What is the capacity of STM?

Answer 2

7 ± 2 bits of information
* Basis for the 7-digit phone number

Question 3

Describe:

Brown-Peterson Paradigm

Answer 3

Graph
* X-axis is trial number, Y-axis is recall accuracy
* Control and experimental conditions

Question 4

What was seen in the Brown-Peterson Paradigm?

Answer 4

As trial number increased, the performance accuracy becomes worse and worse

Question 5

What happened in the Brown-Peterson Paradigm when numbers were used in the 4th trial instead of letters?

Answer 5

Accuracy rebound occurs (gets really good at recalling the numbers)

Question 6

What does accuracy rebound in the Brown-Peterson Paradigm demonstrate?

Answer 6

The release from proactive interference

Question 7

Define:

Proactive Interference

Answer 7

The forgetting of currently learned material due to interference from previously learned material

Question 8

Define:

Retroactive Interference

Answer 8

Process in which an event learned during a retention interval leads to forgetting of a previously learned event

Question 9

True or False:

Retroactive interference is the reverse of proactive interference

Answer 9

True

Question 10

What is the information going from short-term to long-term memory called?

Answer 10

Consolidation

Question 11

What is consolidation improved by? How?

Answer 11

Sleep - slow wave sleep
* Synchronized activity between temporal lobe and hippocampus
* Brain supports the consolidation of new memories

Question 12

How much sleep is required for increase in memory task performance?

Answer 12

8 hours

Question 13

What are the results if you go to sleep right after studying?

Answer 13

Decreases the chance of proactive and retroactive interference

Question 14

What is neurogenesis? What is the seat of neurogenesis?

Answer 14

The generation of new neurons
* Hippocampus activity

Question 15

Describe:

The broad concept of Serial Position Effect

Answer 15

A combination of the Primacy and Recency effects

Question 16

How is the serial position effect demonstrated?

Answer 16

Presenting a series of words, one-by-one

Question 17

Describe:

Primacy effect

Answer 17

Applies to the first couple words in the series
* Better recall accuracy
* Time to rehearse and repeat the first couple of words

Question 18

Describe:

Recency effect

Answer 18

Applies to the words at the end of the series
* The words have not had enough time to decay

Question 19

Describe:

The middle couple of words in a series and their effect

Answer 19

These words are restricted by the temporal effects of STM

Question 20

Describe:

Primacy and Recency effect in individuals with concussions

Answer 20

• Typically not demonstrate primacy effect
• Due to the fact that the recency effect is an executively demanding task

Question 21

Describe:

Primacy and Recency effect in individuals with cognitive decline

Answer 21

• Not demonstrate the primacy effect
• Demonstrate a little recency effect

Question 22

Define:

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

Answer 22

Named for Herman Ebbinghaus
* Demonstrated in a graph: Y-axis is amount of information retained, X-axis is the amount time elapsed after learning the motor task

Question 23

Describe:

What the Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve demonstrates

Answer 23

Within an hour, you lose 60% of the information you learned

Question 24

In the Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve:

How long does the forgetting sequence occur? What happens after this period?

Answer 24

• Occurs up to 2 days, losing/forgetting almost 75% of the information you learned
• After, all the way up to 1 month, forgetting information is minimal

Question 25

What is assumed in Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

Answer 25

Assumed that the information in the long-term memory is stored there forever

Question 26

What 3 systems is the LTM comprised of?

Answer 26

1. Procedural memory
2. Semantic memory
3. Episodic memory

Question 27

In LTM, describe:

Procedural memory

Answer 27

• Memories about “how to do” something (a skill/activity)
• Know “how to do” something, cannot describe it verbally
• Non-conscious memories, do not entail top-down executive control

Question 28

Where are procedural memories laid down and stored?

Answer 28

Laid down and stored in the cerebellum - a subcortical structure

Question 29

True or False:

Procedural memories are implicit memories

Answer 29

True

Question 30

In LTM, describe:

Semantic memory

Answer 30

• General knowledge about the world developed from many experiences
• Factual and conceptual (e.x. capitals of provinces, math equations etc.)

Question 31

Where are semantic memories stored?

Answer 31

Temporal lobe

Question 32

True or False:

Semantic memories are explicit

Answer 32

True, they are cognitive memories - explicit

Question 33

In LTM, describe:

Episodic memory

Answer 33

• Knowledge about personally experience events
• Tend to be the most multisensory memories (a lot of emotions are associated with these memories)

Question 34

Where are episodic memories stored?

Answer 34

Temporal lobe

Question 35

What kind of memories are episodic memories?

Answer 35

A cognitive memory, explicit

Question 36

True or False:

Episodic and semantic memories are stored together

Answer 36

False, they are stored in DIFFERENT areas of the temporal lobe

Question 37

What activity is required to form long-term memories?

Answer 37

Synchronized activity between temporal lobe and hippocampus

Question 38

What is the result of anterograde amnesia?

Answer 38

Cannot form semantic and episodic memories

Question 39

In terms of explicit/implit memories:

What does anterograde amnesia affect?

Answer 39

Impaired explicit, normal implicit

Question 40

In terms of explicit/implicit memories:

What does cerebellum impairment affect?

Answer 40

Impaired implicit, normal explicit

Question 41

What type of proof is necessary in psychological sciences?

Answer 41

Double dissociation proof