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Psychomotor Behaviour 1080 > LECTURE 28 - closed loop control - - proprioception > Flashcards

LECTURE 28 - closed loop control - - proprioception Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four proprioceptor types ?

A
  1. vestibular
  2. muscle receptors
  3. joint receptors
  4. cutaneous receptors
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2
Q

what is a proprioceptor ?

A

a sensory receptor which receives stimuli from within the body, especially one that responds to position and movement

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3
Q

sensory information comes from propeioceptor types and provides _____

A

information

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4
Q

what is the vestibular system ?

A

is a sensory system that is responsible for detecting and processing information about balance and spatial orientation

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5
Q

where is the vestibular system located ?

A

in the inner ear

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6
Q

how many structures does the vestibular system consist of ?

A

consists of two structures called the utricle and the saccule, as well as three semicircular canals

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7
Q

what does bending of the cilia do ?

A

sends the output to know the movements

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8
Q

what are semicircular canals ?

A
  • three fluid-filled “half-circles”
  • provide information regarding position of the head compared to the rest of the body
  • sensitive t each directional plane
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9
Q

describe the horizontal (lateral) canal :

A

detects head rotation around vertical axis (i.e., spinning)

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10
Q

describe the anterior canal :

A

detects head rotation in the sagittal plane (i.e., nodding up and down)

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11
Q

describe the posterior canal :

A

detects head rotation in frontal planes (i.e., completing a somersault)

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12
Q

angular acceleration are detected by _____

A

semicircular canals

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13
Q

what does sensory mismatch lead to ?

A

motion sickness (simply can close eyes to try to help)

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14
Q

what type of organs detect changes in gravity and accelerations ?

A

otolith organs

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15
Q

what are the two otolith organs ?

A

utricle and saccule

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16
Q

what changes does the utricle detect ?

A

change in horizontal movement and linear acceleration (e.g., walking) - important for eye movements

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17
Q

what changes does the saccule detect ?

A

changes in vertical movement and linear acceleration (i.e., elevator sensation) - important for posture

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18
Q

what is the utricle important for ?

A

eye movements

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19
Q

what is the saccule important for ?

A

posture

20
Q

what does VOR stand for ?

A

vestibular ocular reflex

21
Q

what is the vestibular ocular reflex ?

A
  • a reflexive movement of the eyes that helps to stabilize vision during head movement
  • it is a critical component of the vestibular system and works by generating eye movements in response to movements of the head
22
Q

what are the 3 steps of VOR :

A
  1. detection of rotation
  2. inhibition/excitation of extra ocular muscles on one side/on the other side
  3. compensating eye movement
23
Q

what is the term used to “lock the ocular muscles on the target object” ?

A

fixation

24
Q

what happens if someone looses VOR ?

A

they cannot focus / maintain their target image

25
Q

If your head is moving back and forth but your eyes are looking straight, it means that your vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is ________

A

working properly

26
Q

what is the primary goal of the VOR ?

A

to stabilize vision during head movement by generating equal and opposite movements of the eyes in response to movements of the head

27
Q

what is nystagmus ?

A

an involuntary eye movement characterized by repetitive oscillations of the eyes. It can be either horizontal, vertical or rotary in nature, and can be present in one or both eyes. Nystagmus can occur in a rhythmic or non-rhythmic pattern and can be slow or fast.

28
Q

describe eyes when nystagmus is present :

A
  • non intact
  • more watery
  • rapid one way and smooth the other
  • involuntary
29
Q

describe muscles spindles (intrafusal) :

A
  • cigar-shaped structures connected in parallel with extradural muscle fibers
  • innervated by gamma-motorneurons
  • provide information about stretch of the muscle
  • many types; type 1a and type II
  • provide system with information about limb position
30
Q

describe type 1a muscle spindles :

A

sensitive to rapid stretch of the muscle (i.e., when the agonist first begins contraction) (velocity dependent)

31
Q

describe type II muscle spindles :

A

sensitive to sustained against contract

32
Q

what is info from muscle spindles very important for ?

A

environment awareness

33
Q

what type of stretch is 1a muscle spindles sensitive to?

A

dynamic

34
Q

what type of stretch is II muscle spindles sensitive to ?

A

static

35
Q

what is the monosynaptic stretch reflex ?

A
  • is a reflexive response of the muscle to stretch
  • it is a simple reflex arc that involves only one synapse between sensory neurons and motor neurons.
36
Q

what are the four steps of the monosynaptic stretch reflex ?

A
  1. hammer strike on patella tendon results in stretch of the quad muscles
  2. muscle spindles of quads send stretch info to the spinal cord (CNS)
  3. single synapse onto alpha motoneuron of quads and contraction of that muscle
  4. the simplest of all stretch reflexes - only one synapse
37
Q

what type pop muscle spindles have been stretch during a monosynaptic stretch reflex ?

A

type 1a

38
Q

what is hyperreflexia ?

A

a lot of reflexes

39
Q

what are two postural control strategies ?

A

hip and ankle strategy

40
Q

describe the ankle strategy :

A
  • standing on a moving platform
  • small adjustments of the ankle joint to maintain a stable base of support
  • effective in maintaining balance in the sagittal plane
  • is activated when the body experiences small perturbations, such as a gentle push or a shift in weight
  • distal to proximal
41
Q

describe the proximal to distal :

A
  • standing on a moving platform
  • much slower and less efficient
  • more likely to lead to a fall
  • requires recruitment of many muscles
  • proximal to distal
42
Q

which postural control strategy is more likely to lead to fall, injury, etc.

A

hip strategy

43
Q

what does GTO stand for ?

A

golgi tendon organ

44
Q

describe the golgi tendon organ :

A
  • located in metro-tendinous junction between muscle and tendon
  • provide information about tension (force) in the muscle
  • prevents ov erstratch and rupture by inhibiting alpha-motorneuron
  • oligosynaptic
45
Q

what does oligosynaptic mean ?

A

multiple neurones associated with this pathway

Psychomotor Behaviour 1080 (10 decks)

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