LECTURE 24 - long-term memory (LTM) Flashcards
what is consolidate info ?
refers to the process by which newly acquired information becomes more stable and integrated into existing memory networks (LTM)
what is the term for short term memory becoming long term ?
consolidate info
what are the three long term memories ?
- procedural memory
- semantic memory
- episodic memory
what is procedural memory ?
stress knowledge of “how to do” a skill or activity (implicit-motor)
what is semantic memory ?
general knowledge about the world (cognitive)
what is episodic memory ?
personally experienced events
which memory type is mediated in the temporal lobe ?
episodic memory
describe procedural memory :
- stores knowledge of “how to do” a skill or activity
- we know “how to do” something, but are not able to verbally describe it well (e.g., shooting a basketball, swimming)
describe semantic memory :
- general knowledge about the world developed from many experiences factual and conceptual
- e.g., equation for determining force
describe episodic memory :
- knowledge about personally experienced events
- e.g., where you’re when the raptors won the 2019 NBA championship
which two memory types are explicit ?
semantic and episodic
unconscious memory that starts off as cognitive is maintained where ?
in cereberum (brainstem)
which memory type is the hardest to forget ?
episodic
what is anterograde amnesia ?
a type of memory loss that occurs when you can’t form new memories
how did Henry Molaison contribute to the world?
- he provided information about memory impairment and amnesia,
- his exact brain surgery allowed a good understanding of how particular areas of the brain may be linked to specific processes hypothesized to occur in memory formation
what happened to Henry Molaison ?
- while a child, endured a bike accident
- appeared normal but 2/3 years later began having seizures
- by 16 he had multiple seizures everyday
- he then got his hippocampus removed (bilateral medial lobes)
who is Brenda milner ?
- studied patient Henry molaison
- linked hippocampus and medial temporal lobe to have long term memories
what did Brenda Milner learn while studying H.M.’s case ?
- she found that H.M. was unable to form new Explicit memories following his surgery, despite retaining his ability to learn new skills and perform motor tasks.
what was Henry Molaison experiencing ?
severe epilepsy
what did Brenda Milner conclude ?
that the hippocampus is a key structure in the consolidation of new declarative memories (motor memories were not impaired)
how did H.M. preform motor tasks compared to normal individuals ?
at the same neurological level
what two parts of brain are responsible for explicit memory ?
medial temporal lobe and hippocampus
what are the three stages of motor learning (Fitts and Posner 1967) ?
- cognitive stage
- associative stage
- autonomous stage
what is cognitive stage ?
development of basic movement pattern
what is associative stage ?
refinement of movement pattern
what is autonomous stage ?
performance of movement virtually automatic
the following points are associated with which stage of motor learning ?
- high degrees of cognitive activity
- attentional demands high, limited t movement production
- movement lack synchronization and appears choppy deliberate
- numbers errors, typically gross in nature
- lacks capability to determine cause of errors or correct them
cognitive stage
what lobe is highly involved in the learning of motor tasks ?
frontal lobe
the following points are associated with which stage of motor learning ?
- more consistent
- attentional demands for movement production decrease
- fewer, less gross errors
- better at detecting cause of errors
- begin to develop appraise error correction strategies
associative stage (consistency)
the following points are associated with which stage of motor learning ?
- highest level of proficiency
- not all learners will reach this stage
- attention reallocated to strategic decision-making
- consistent and confident
- making few errors and can generally detect and correct those errors that do occur
autonomous stage
