LECTURE 23 - memory Flashcards
what is memory ?
the capacity of individuals to retain and utilize information in various ways for various periods of time
what are the three processes of memory ?
- acquisition (short-term sensory store)
- retention (short-term memory)
- retrieval (long-term memory)
what are the three time periods of memory ?
- short-term sensory store = STSS
- short-term memory = STM
- long-term memory = LTM
what is the STSS whole report technique ?
present a matrix of letters or numbers (3 x 4 mattrix)
what is the recall accuracy of STSS whole report technique ?
0%
what is the difference between the whole report technique and the partial report technique ?
the nature of the information being recalled. The whole report technique measures the capacity of the sensory store to retain information over a short period of time, while the partial report technique measures the selective attention and processing of specific items within the sensory store.
what is the partial report technique ?
- higher tone
- lower tone
who is George Sperling ?
he manipulated when the tone came on of the STSS partial report technique
describe the STSS spelling (1969 psychological monographs) :
- y = letters reported correctly
- x = delay of tone (ms)
- 100 or near 100 accuracy, the tone is at the same time
- delay 0 between tone and presentation of the mattrix
- first experiment to show a short term sensory store
during the STSS spelling 1960 psychological monograph, when did the delay of tone come on (after matrix was extinguished?
300ms
what are the four STSS points ? (idk what theyre called so I just said points)
- short duration (300ms)
- unlimited capacity
- veridical (precise snap-shot)
- pre-categorical
what does pre-categorial mean in regard to STSS ?
cant differentiate between numbers and letters
what is the brown Peterson task ?
a classic cognitive psychology experiment that is used to study the nature of short-term memory
what is something we say in regards to STSS use ?
“use STSS or lose it “
how does the brown-peterson task work ?
the task requires participants to remember a sequence of items (usually three letters) for a short period of time, during which they are distracted by an intervening task, and then asked to recall the original sequence
is attention required for rehearsal ?
yes
the longer an item is attended (held in memory) …
the greater chance it will be retained
descibe how the brown-paterson task is done :
- try to remember three letters e.g., XJC
- when given a number (e.g., 307), start counting backwards in threes (307, 304, 301, 298…)
- when “write!” appears, white does the letters you remember
- this required several trials to obtain the effect
what is a test that inhibits rehearsal, must actively recall ?
the brown-paterson task
what are the two types of interference in regards to the brown-paterson task ?
proactive interference and retroactive interference
what is proactive interference ?
the forgetting of currently learned material produced by interference from previously learned material
what is retroactive interference ?
process in which an event learned during a retention interval leads to forgetting of a previously learned event
what sequence of items is used for the brown-paterson task ?
always trigram (3 letters)
what happens to recall accuracy after every trial of the brown-peterson task ?
recall accuracy goes down
when was the brown-paterson task performed in a control ?
performed in control condition over four trials
when did the brown-paterson task change from three letters to numbers ?
after trial 3
what type of memory is the brown-paterson task ?
STM (short term memory)
what is STM ?
short term memory
how long can STM stay ?
can stay for 3 seconds if not rehearsed
what is the accuracy of recall accuracy ?
90% ish
what is the serial position effect (STM) ?
is a phenomenon in cognitive psychology that refers to the tendency for people to remember information better if it appears at the beginning or end of a list or sequence, compared to information that appears in the middle
how much % of forgetting happens whiting the first 24 hours of learning (following initial practice) ?
65%
who is Hermann Ebbinghaus ?
psychologist who pioneered the experimental study of memory, and is known for his discovery of the forgetting curve and the spacing effect
what is the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve ?
is a graphical representation of the rate at which information is forgotten over time
who do we look at in regards to study about short term emery and forgetting ?
ebbinhaus
what is the primacy effect ?
- tendency for people to remember items that appeared at the beginning of a list or sequence better than items that appeared in the middle
- relies on rehearsal
what is the recency effect ?
- tendency for people to remember items that appeared at the end of a list or sequence better than items that appeared in the middle
what is consolidate information ?
short term to long term
