Lecture 27 - Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroid (Write it out)
Location:
Structure:
Blood Supply:
Blood Drainage:

A

Thyroid (Write it out)
Location:
- anterior, below thyroid cartilage
- inf larynx
Structure:
- 2 lobes connected via isthmus
Blood Supply:
- Superior thyroid artery
= branch of external carotid artery
- Inferior thyroid artery
= branch of the subclavian arteries
Blood Drainage:
- Superior and middle thyroid veins
= drain into internal jugular vein
- Inferior thyroid vein
= drains into the brachiocephalic vein
- collectively veins drain into the superior vena cava

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2
Q

Where do veins of the thyroid collectively drain>

A

Superior vena cava

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3
Q

Where does the the superior thyroid artery branch from

A

Superior thyroid artery = branch of the external carotid artery

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4
Q

Where does the inferior artery branch from>

A

Inferior thyroid artery = branch of the subclavian artery

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5
Q

Where do the superior and middle thyroid veins drain into?

A

The Superior and middle thyroid veins drain into the internal jugular vein

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6
Q

Where do the inferior thyroid veins drain into?

A

The inferior thyroid veins into the brachiocephalic vein

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7
Q

What cells make up the thyroid – type

A

Simple cuboidal cells called follicular cells make up the thyroid

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8
Q

What is stored in the cavity of follicular cells in the thyroid - describe

A

Colloid
- consists of thyroglobin
- contains molecules of tyrosine which get converted to thyroid hormone by iodine

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9
Q

What do follicular cells produce?

A

Follicular cells produce thyroglobulin

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10
Q

What are the names of T3 and T4?

A

T3 = Triiodothyronine
T4 = Thyroxine

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11
Q

What produces T3 and T4?

A

T thyrocytes produce T3 and T4

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12
Q

What stims release of T3 and T4?

A

TSH from the ant pit

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13
Q

Describe what happens when TSH is released

A
  • TSH released from ant pit
  • cuboidal cells take a bite of the colloid and ingests material
  • inside the colloid there areT3 and T4 and enzymes help to get them out
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14
Q

What are the functions of thyroid hormones?

A

1) Increase rate of cellular metabolism and oxygen consumption
2) Helps maintain bp
3) Plays a role in tissue growth and development

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15
Q

What’s large parafollicular c cells or follicular cells

A

parafollicular cells

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16
Q

Where can you find parafollicular cells?q

A

C cells are btwn follicles or within

17
Q

What do parafollicular C cells produce – function?

A

C cells produce - calcitonin
- lowers Ca ion [] by inhibiting the breakdown of bone and stim the excretion of Ca from the kidney

18
Q

Parathyroid glands
Location:
Number:
Size:
Blood Supply/Drainage:

A

Parathyroid glands
Location: in posterior lateral lobes of thyroid
Number: 4
Size: 40 mg
Blood Supply/Drainage:
- same as thyroid
- blood from branches of superior and inf thyroid arteries
- drained by sup, mid, inf thyroid veins

19
Q

What types of cells are found in the parathyroid, funciton

A

Chief cells:
- more common
- produce PTH
- PTH = increase Ca ion [] by targeting the breakdown of bone, enhancing Ca uptake by intestine, inhibiting urinary excretion of Ca

Oxyphil cells
- idk

20
Q

What cells produces PTH
function

A

Chief cells in the parathyroid gland
PTH = increase Ca ion [] by targeting the breakdown of bone, enhancing Ca uptake by intestine, inhibiting urinary excretion of Ca

21
Q

Adrenal Gland
Location:
Shape:
Blood supply:

A

Adrenal Gland
Location: superior to kidney
Shape: flattened pyramid
Blood supply:
- main = superior arteries form phrenic artery
- right/left/middle = from aorta
- inf = renal artery
Blood Drainage:
- Right gland -> inf vena cava
- Left gland -> left renal vein

22
Q

What are the 3 zone of the adrenal cortex

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zone fasciculata
  • zona reticularis
23
Q

Describe the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex

A

Zona Glomerulosa
- outer
- 15%
- spherical structures
- produce: mineral corticoids
= balance water and electrolytes in blood
- ex. aldosterone = mineralocorticoid that acts on the kidney to regulate sodium and potassium []

24
Q

which zone of the adrenal gland produces mineralcorticoids?

A

The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids

25
Q

Describe the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex

A

Zona fasciculata
- 78-80% of cortex
- cords or ropes
- cells contain lipid droplets
- stim by ACTH from ant pit to produce glucocorticoids
- glucocorticoids produces cortisol and corticosterone which influences the metabolism of carbs protein and fat

26
Q

Where do glucocorticoids come from, what stims, what do?

A

Come from the zona reticularis
- stim by ACTH from ant pit to produce glucocorticoids
- glucocorticoids produces cortisol and corticosterone which influences the metabolism of carbs protein and fat

27
Q

Describe the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex

A

Zona reticularis
- 5-7% of cortex
- no organization
- makes some gonadotropin
- in females responsible for muscle mass, blood cell production, libedo

28
Q

What cells are in the adrenal medualla - purpose

A

Adrenal medulla
= Chromaffin cells
- produce Epi and Ne
- are modified postganglionic neurons
- when stimulated by preganglionic sympathetic NS secrete caricotamides (Ne and Epi)

29
Q

What are pancreatic islets and what do they contain

A

Pancreatic islets = Islets of Langerhans
- contains a,b,d cells

30
Q

Describe the cells found in the pancreatic islets

A

Alpha cells
- produce glucagon
- stims liver to convert glycogen to glucose increasing blood glucose levels
- largest of the 3 cells
- often on periphery

Beta cells
- produce insulin
- smaller 70%
- scattered throughtout
- reduces blood glucose by enhancing the membrane transport into cells, inhibits conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver

Delta cells
- produce somatostatin
- small
- less than 5%
- inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon
- effect of quieting the digestive system

31
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A
  • hangs off the epithalamus, hangs from the roof of the 3rd ventricle
32
Q

What cells are in the pineal gland?

A
  • glial cells

Pinacocytes:
- produce and secrete melatonin
- controls circadian rhythm
- inhibits hypothalamic releasing hormones THF and TF
- biproduct becomes calcified = brain sand