Lecture 26. Neighbourhoods

Question 1

Measuring neighbourhood deprivation

Answer 1

• A way of measuring people’s relative position in society
• Measures focus on material deprivation
• Tends to use a ‘deficit’ approach to describing population health
– Describes populations in relation to what they ‘don’t have’

Question 2

IMD( NZ index of multiple deprivation)

Answer 2

Measures more determining factors(drivers of deprivation)
Employment
Income
crime
Housing
health
education
access/accessibility

most data is derived from IDI

compared to NZDep which is unable to capture the drivers of deprivation

Question 3

IMD and NZDep relationship

Answer 3

Mostly a linear trend between the 2

Question 4

NZDep 2013 uses

Answer 4

• Planning and resource allocation
• Research
• Advocacy

Question 5

Important focus on NZDEP

Answer 5

focuses on people living in the most deprived neighbourhoods , and not the most deprived people

Question 6

The ecological fallacy

Answer 6

The error that arises when information about
groups of people is used to make inferences
about individuals

Question 7

3 levels of influence on Physical activity

Answer 7

1. The person
   – Age, sex, biology, behaviour risk factors and lifestyle
   – Attitudes to physical activity, health and well-being

2. The community
– Availability of parks and recreation
opportunities
-community attitudes and values
– Family, friends and neighbours’ habits
in relation to healthy activities

3. The environment
   – Physical, built, school, work, home
   -roads, cycle paths

Question 8

Healthy environment

Answer 8

• The physical, social or political setting(s) that prevent
disease while enhancing human health and well-being

eg. Chronic diseases such as CVD and obesity are
associated with environments that favour more
sedentary lifestyles and/or poor nutrition

Question 9

• Elements of healthy environments include:

Answer 9

– Clean air and water
– Appropriate housing
– Access to wholesome food
– Safe community spaces
– Access to transport
– Opportunities to incorporate exercise as part of
daily life
• These are needed to maintain good health
among the population

Question 10

The built environment

Answer 10

– ‘all the buildings, spaces, and products that are created,
or at least significantly modified by people’.

• It includes:
– Structures: homes, schools and workplaces,
– Urban design: parks, business areas and roads.
• Above ground: electric transmission lines
• Below ground: waste disposal, subway trains
• Across land: motorways/ transportation network.

Question 11

How can built environments be measured?

Answer 11

• Measures are often context-specific
– Depending on the research question/ health outcome of interest.

• Urban density
– Population and/or employment density

• Land-use mix
– Residential, commercial, industrial, wasteland

• Street connectivity
– “Lollipop” neighborhoods vs. well-connected streets

• Community resources
– Access to recreational facilities or healthy foods

Question 12

Community resource accessibility index

Answer 12

How long does it take to get there? *regional accessibility

• 36 facilities representing 6 domains:

– Recreational
• Parks, beaches

– Public Transport
• Bus, ferry stops

– Educational
• Childcare, primary, intermediate

– Shopping facilities
• Dairy, supermarket, banks

– Health
• Plunket, GP, pharmacy, A&E

– Social
• Marae, Churches, community halls etc

Question 13

How can urban design improve active travel and PA?

Answer 13

Question 14

How do NZdep and IMD differ from other SEP measures?

Answer 14

• IMD focuses on the causes
• more integrated look
• Focuses on areas, and not individuals