Lecture 25: Glycolysis Flashcards
aerobic cellular respiration is a ___ pathway that breaks down __ into __
catabolic; glucose; ATP
what are the 2 roles of glycolysis?
- degrades glucose to ATP
2. provides building blocks for making biomolecules
in glycolysis, __ is converted to __ which makes __ ATP
1glucose; 2pyruvate; 2
which stage of glycolysis uses 2 ATP? Why?
the first. To cleave the sugar
the net products of 1 glucose in glycolysis
2 ATP and 2NADH
how are the enzymes regulated in glycolysis?
allosteric control
what is the first reaction in glycolysis? what enzyme class is used?
glucose phosphorylated by ATP; transferase
what is the purpose of phosphorylating glucose?
prevents its escape from the cell and increases reactivity
enzymes that transfer a phosphate are often called __
kinases
what is the second reaction in glycolysis? what enzyme class is used?
isomerization of G-6P to F-6P
by turning G-6P to F6P, what is achieved?
produces carbon available for phosphorylation and fructose is better at cleaving
what is the third reaction in glycolysis? what enzyme class is used?
phosphorylation of F-6P by ATP; transferase
what is the fourth reaction in glycolysis? what enzyme class is used?
F-1,6-BP is split into the isomers DHAP and GAP; lyase
t/f GAP is on the direct pathway of glycolysis, but DHAP is not
true
what is the fifth reaction in glycolysis? what type of enzyme is used?
DHAP is isomerized to GAP; isomerize
what is the sixth reaction in glycolysis? what class of enzyme is used?
GAP oxidized to 1,3-BPG; Oxidation-Reduction reaction
where does the phosphate come from in the Gap oxidation reaction?
inorganic phosphate
1,3-BPG has a high ___ potential
phosphoryl transfer
what is the 7th reaction in glycolysis? what type of enzyme is used?
1,3-BPG donates a phosphate to ADP to make ATP; transferase
the formation of ATP by transferase reaction is called ___
substrate-level phosphorylation
what is the criteria for the phosphate donor in substrate level phosphorylation?
higher phosphoryl transfer potential than ATP
what is the 8th reaction in glycolysis? what enzyme is used?
glycerate-3-P is converted to glycerate-2-P; isomerase
what is the 9th reaction in glycolysis? what enzyme is used?
glycerate-2-P is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate (stronger P donor) ; lyase
what is the 10th reaction in glycolysis? what enzyme is used?
PEP gives P to ADP to make ATP and pyruvate; transferase
what is the fate of pyruvate if it enters the Krebs cycle?
enter the citric acid cycle and be oxidized to CO2 and its electrons given to NAD+ to make NADH
what enters the E- transport chain?
NADH
what type of reaction occurs in the E- transport chain
oxidative phosphorylation
the fate of pyruvate depends on the ___ of the cell
oxidation status
what are the 3 fates of pyruvate?
- ethanol
- lactate
- CO2 and H2O
what process turns pyruvate into ethanol?
alcoholic fermentation
what process turns pyruvate into lactate?
lactic acid fermentation
the 3 major energy acquisition lifestyles can be described in terms of the ___ from organic fuel
fate of electrons
what are the 3 major energy acquisition lifestyles?
- aerobic respiration
- anaerobic respiration
- fermentation
what is the terminal E- acceptor in aerobic respiration
O2
what is the electron donor in aerobic respiration?
glucose
what is the electron donor in anaerobic respiration?
glucose
what is the terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?
non-O2 (nitrate / sulphate)
what is the electron donor in fermentation?
glucose
what is the terminal E- acceptor in fermentation?
pyruvate
