Lecture 1: What is Biochemistry?

Question 1

what are 4 properties of living things?

Answer 1

1. complex, highly organized
2. all biological structures carry out functions for survival
3. carry out energy transformations
4. self-replication

Question 2

almost all life on earth depends on the __ to capture and use energy

Answer 2

sun

Question 3

which 6 non-matallic elements account for 97% of our mass?

Answer 3

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur

Question 4

which 5 elements in their ionized form are essential to all life?

Answer 4

ca, k, na, mg, cl

Question 5

which 4 elements are most abundant in living things?

Answer 5

HOCN

Question 6

why are HOCN the primary elements in life? (3)

Answer 6

1. form covalent bonds
2. light elements, stronger bonds
3. able to form larger macromolecules

Question 7

most of the body is __ and the rest if ___ compounds

Answer 7

water; carbon-based

Question 8

why is life carbon based? (3)

Answer 8

1. one of the lightest elements to routinely form covalent bonds
2. versatile in its ability to form large, complex, diverse molecules
3. tetravalence
4. make backbone of biomolecules

Question 9

which element is responsible for the diversity of life and biomolecules?

Answer 9

carbon

Question 10

which part of biomolecules participates in reactions?

Answer 10

functional groups

Question 11

functional groups have unique reaction characteristics between different molecules (T/F)

Answer 11

false, they always behave the same

Question 12

__ and __ of functional groups give each molecule its unique properties

Answer 12

number and arrangement

Question 13

which major biomolecules are bipolymers?

Answer 13

nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates

Question 14

which major biomolecule are not polymeric?

Answer 14

lipids

Question 15

what is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Answer 15

nucleotides

Question 16

what is the monomer of proteins?

Answer 16

amino acids

Question 17

what is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Answer 17

monosaccharides

Question 18

DNA/RNA are __ that store ___ and enable __ production

Answer 18

macromolecules; genetic information; protein

Question 19

nucleic acids are made of ___ linked by __ bonds

Answer 19

nucleotides; phosphodiester covalent

Question 20

nucleotides are made of ___, __ and ___

Answer 20

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate

Question 21

which nitrogenous bases are purines?

Answer 21

adenine and gaunine

Question 22

which nitrogenous bases are pyramidines?

Answer 22

thymine, cytosine, uracil

Question 23

proteins can take the form of __, __, and __

Answer 23

enzymes, hormones, antibodies

Question 24

proteins are made of __ linked by __ bonds

Answer 24

amino acids; peptides

Question 25

protein polymers ___ into precise 3D structures that facilitate ____

Answer 25

fold; biochemical functions

Question 26

amino acids contain a ___ carbon that is attached to what 4 groups?

Answer 26

alpha; amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, unique side chain

Question 27

which two groups can be ionized in an amino acid?

Answer 27

amino, carboxyl

Question 28

at typical pH, what is the form of the ionizable groups of an amino acid?

Answer 28

amino is protonated (+) and the carboxyl is deprotonated (-)

Question 29

carbohydrates serve as storage for __ and as __ components

Answer 29

energy; structural

Question 30

lipids are a diverse group of ___

Answer 30

non-polymeric molecules

Question 31

lipids are involved in ___ and ___

Answer 31

fuel storgae and serving as bariers

Question 32

lipids generally have what 2 components?

Answer 32

1. hydrophobic HC tail

2. Hydrophilic head (polar or charged)