Lecture 22 - upper limbs #2

Question 1

Identify the major compartments and regions of the upper limb

Answer 1

a. Posterior, anterolateral, anterior

Question 2

Identify and name the major anterior and posterior axio-appendicular muscles

Answer 2

a. Anterior
i. Pectoralis major
ii. Pectoralia minor
b. Posterior
i. Trapezius
ii. Levator scapulae
iii. Rhomboid major
iv. Rhomboid minor
v. Latissimus dorsi

Question 3

Identify, name and describe the basic functions of the scapulohumeral muscles and muscles of the arm

Answer 3

a. Rotator cuff muscles
i. Supraspinatus
ii. Infraspinatus
iii. Teres minor
iv. Subscapularis
b. Blend with the joint capsule  compress humeral head into glenoid fossa
c. Major movements
i. Abduction (supraspinatus)
ii. External rotation (infraspinatus and teres minor)
iii. Internal rotation (subscapularis)
d. Deltoid
i. Broad fan from humerus to the scapula and clavicle
ii. Produces shoulder flexion, abduction and extension
e. Teres major
i. Larger than teres minor
ii. Attaches more anteriorly to the humerus
iii. Internal rotation at the shoulder
f. Arm
i. Anterior
1. Biceps brachii
2. Coracobrachialis
3. Brachialis
ii. Posterior
1. Triceps brachii

Question 4

Identify the basic muscle groups of the forearm and hand

Answer 4

a. Forearm anterior
i. Attaches to carpals/metacarpals = wrist flexor
ii. Attaches to digits = finger flexor
iii. Distal attachment into radius = pronator
b. Forearm posterior
i. Attaches to carpals/metacarpals = wrist extensor
ii. Attaches to digits = finger extensor
c. Hand musculature
i. Interosseous = deeper towards back o hand
ii. Thenar = closer to palm on thumb side
iii. Hypothenar = closer to palm on pinkie side

Question 5

Deduce basic actions of muscles in the forearm and hand given their anatomical relationship to joints

Answer 5

a. Flexion of the wrist
b. Extension of the wrist
c. Flexion of the fingers (finger flexors)
d. Extension of the fingers (finger extensors)
e. Thumb movements
f. Pronation and supination of the forearm

Question 6

Identify and name the major arteries and veins in the upper limb

Answer 6

a. Axillary artery
b. Brachial artery
c. Ulnar artery
d. Radial artery
e. Superficial veins
f. Lymphatic vessels

Question 7

arterial pathway

Answer 7

subclavian artery
axillary artery
brachial artery
radial artery
ulnar artery

Question 8

venous pathway

Answer 8

superficial veins
axillary vein
subclavian vein
deep veins
superficial and deep palmar venous arch

Question 9

Describe the basic organization of the brachial plexus

Answer 9

a. The brachial plexus is organised into 5 distinct sections
i. Roots (anterior rami i.e. C5, C6 etc)
ii. Trunks (i.e. superior, middle, inferior)
iii. Divisions (i.e. posterior and anterior)
iv. Cords (i.e. lateral, posterior, medial)
v. Terminal branches (peripheral nerves)

Question 10

Identify the five terminal branches of the brachial plexus

Answer 10

a. Musculocutaneous
b. Axillary
c. Radial
d. Median
e. Ulnar

Question 11

Describe the distinctive features relating to the motor supply and course of the five terminal branches

Answer 11

a. Musculocutaneous nerve = supplies anterior compartment of the arm
b. Median nerve = major supply for anterior compartment of the forearm and Minor supply of hand musculature
c. Ulnar nerve = minor supply for the anterior compartment of the forearm, major supply of hand musculature
d. Axillary nerve = supplies deltoid and teres minor
e. Radial nerve = supplies posterior compartment of the arm and posterior compartment of forearm