Lecture 22: Changes in Personality Flashcards
What was Pam’s advice in The Office Finale?
- be strong
- trust yourself
- love yourself
- conquer your fears
- just go after what you want
Why reaching a threshold of social courage is important?
- Positive affect system
- Self-esteem and social inclusion
- Free trait theory
- Uninhibited expression of motives
- Exploration efforts for identity
- Attachment relationships
- Autonomous self-regulation
- Creates events for Life Story
What does social courage involve?
- Extraversion
- Social assertiveness
- Social dominance
According to Kroestner, what aspects of personality are the most important and why?
- Levels 2 and 3 since they are the ones that make us unique
What does Kroestner think Level 2 and 3 need?
Social courage
According to Kroestner, what is key for a positive affect system?
Extraversion and social courage, since it allows you to speak up.
Recall, what is a metaphor for self-esteem?
Sociometer:
Accepted vs rejected
How does social courage affect self-esteem?
It allows us to put ourselves in situations where we can be accepted and valued.
What is the Free trait theory?
If there is some very valuable goal, we can act outside of our traits.
Who came up with the Free trait theory?
Brian Little
Do Power Pose work?
No, many people that tried to replicate the study couldn’t replicate the results.
What is another approach to help extraversion for introverts?
Introverts can pretend to be extroverts.
What are the effects of acting as an extroverted? Introverted?
No interaction with true disposition.
In the study where some people were asked to act introverted or extroverted, how did they measure if you used too much energy in the exercise?
They tested the participants with the Stroop test. If the reaction time was slow, then they used too much energy in the social tasks. This is called Ego Depletion.
In the study, if you act outside of your traits, it takes energy.
What is the effect of acting extraverted on people?
- Higher positive affect
- higher authenticity
Acting extroverted gave an increase in negative affect and tiredness, decreased authenticity
How do our beliefs about aspects of our personality influence our adaptation and growth?
What is Dweck’s point of view on personality?
- Personality is flexible
- The most changeable things about people is beleifs
How do beliefs relate to personality?
They are independent of traits and probably more changeable
What did Dewck put forward?
- Mindset
- Learning vs Performance Goals
- Mastery vs Helpless Pattern of Response
How can you measure your Implicit theory (mindset)?
- Q: Which of the two statements do you agree with more strongly?
- A1: Your intelligence is something that you cannot change very much.
- A2: No matter how much intelligence you have, you can always change quite a bit?
- Results:
- A2:
- Open to learn
- Willingness to confront challenge
- Bounce back when failure
- A2:
Can we extend the implicit theory to understand social behaviour?
What is shyness?
Affective behavioural syndrome characterized by social anxiety and interpersonal inhibition that results from prospects of interpersonal evaluation.
What is the percentage of people who are shy and think they can change their shyness?
30%
True or False
Shy is a social phobia
- True
- It is conditioned
What are avoidance strategies?
- Try to avoid social situations
- Find a task to keep me occupied
- Avoid eye contact
- Smile so I look interested
- Try to shift attention on to the other person
What is the effect of avoidance strategies on shyness?
It reinforces the negative conditioning.
If you are an “incremental” shy person, (you are open to change) and your friend is an “entity” shy person and a third person would evaluate your levels of shyness, who would score lower?
You, incremental shy person.
If you are an “incremental” shy person, (you are open to change) and your friend is an “entity” shy person and each of you would evaluate your levels of shyness, who would score lower?
My friend (entity shy person)
What is social anxiety disorder?
- Shyness but to extreme
- Affects your daily life
What was the results of Lynn Alden’s Research on interventions for social anxiety?
- Typically: expose people
- Propose: Social safety reduction
- Helps 90% of patients
What are safety behaviours?
- Behaviours that allow you to minimize negative outcomes
- Subtle and indirect
What is Safety reduction behaviours?
- Key: exposure to feared situations but change from safety to mastery behaviours
- People know their safety behaviours
- People overestimate the visibility of their anxiety
Can you change your other Big 5 traits?
- Adopt a growth mindset
- Then:
- A: positive psychology interventions
- random acts of kindness
- N: Cognitive Behavioural Theory techniques
- mindfulness
- C:
- motivational strategies
- A: positive psychology interventions
- Then:
What is the one kind of change attempt Kroestner would recommend?
Social courage
