Lecture 22

Question 1

What is multiculturalism in the Canadian context?

Answer 1

A policy recognizing the cultural contributions of various ethnic groups, including an explicit antiracism component since the 1980s.

Question 2

What are the three main immigration categories in Quebec (according to Marie McAndrew)?

Answer 2

Economic class: selected by ability to make contributions to economic development

Family class: reunification of families

Refugees and asylum seekers

Question 3

What concern did Quebec have in the 1970s regarding language?

Answer 3

The zero growth of the French-speaking population prompted efforts to promote French identity and nation-building.

Question 4

Two ways to make sure immigrants are integrated but still respect their heritage

Answer 4

Integration and pluralism

Question 5

What are classes d’accueil (welcoming classes)?

Answer 5

Special full-time classes for newcomers to learn French and adjust to life in Quebec before integrating into regular classes.

Question 6

What is the PELO program?

Answer 6

A Heritage Language Program in public schools that promotes the teaching of students’ mother tongues.

Question 7

What are some pluralism policies in Quebec education?

Answer 7

• PELO
• Intercultural education objectives
• Stereotype-free teaching materials
• Teacher/principal training
• Parent-teacher relationship building

Question 8

What positive outcomes were seen among Montreal youth?

Answer 8

Shared core values

Strong sense of belonging to Quebec society

High academic achievement

Question 9

What persistent division is found among the “children of Bill 101”?

Answer 9

A lingering “us vs. them” cleavage, despite shared language.

Question 10

Which cleavages are replacing language divisions?

Answer 10

Race and religion are becoming more prominent sources of division.

Question 11

What barrier do non-French-speaking parents face in Quebec schools?

Answer 11

They feel excluded and marginalized, struggling to collaborate with schools.

Question 12

What is Bill 96?

Answer 12

A Quebec law that strengthens the use of French in public life by restricting English in courts, public services, small businesses, and education.

Question 13

What does Bill 96 require of newcomers?

Answer 13

They must learn French within six months; after that, they lose access to most public services in other languages.

Question 14

Three central theories of globalization: differentialism

Answer 14

barriers to the cultural flows, how things remain separated

Question 15

Three central theories of globalization: convergence

Answer 15

strong flows and weak barriers. things will eventually converge

Question 16

Three central theories of globalization: hybridization

Answer 16

interaction between internal and external flows. things don’t become homogeneous.

Question 17

What is the main idea behind Cultural Differentialism?

Answer 17

That culture is the fundamental source of global conflict, not ideology or economics.

Question 18

Who proposed the Clash of Civilizations theory?

Answer 18

Samuel Huntington

Question 19

What Huntington says the fundamental source of conflict will be

Answer 19

Culture. He says it will dominate global politics.

Question 20

What is Huntington’s “Clash of Civilizations” theory?

Answer 20

He argued that future conflicts would mostly happen between big cultural or religious groups (he called them “civilizations”), like the West vs. Islam, or the West vs. China.

Question 21

What are the main civilizations identified in the Clash of Civilizations?

Answer 21

Sinic (Chinese), Japanese, Hindu, Islamic, Orthodox, Western Europe/North America, Latin America, African.

Question 22

According to Huntington, what major change happened after the Cold War?

Answer 22

New cultural fault lines emerged as the main sources of conflict.

Question 23

What factors contribute to the Islamic resurgence?

Answer 23

Demographic growth, cultural proximity to others, and tensions with Western values.

Question 24

Why does Huntington believe Islam and the West clash?

Answer 24

Because both have universalist, missionary religions with teleological beliefs, claiming to hold the one true faith.

So he says it will eventually collapse

Question 25

What events are cited as evidence for the Islam-West conflict?

Answer 25

Terrorist attacks, and wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Question 26

What does Huntington say the West must do to survive?

Answer 26

Reaffirm its identity as a Western civilization and reject multiculturalism. And take back hegemony.

Question 27

What is one major critique of the term “African civilization”?

Answer 27

It erases internal cultural and ethnic differences, which are often more meaningful to people than a broad civilizational identity.

Question 28

How does the Clash of Civilizations reflect an orientalist bias?

Answer 28

It portrays non-Western cultures as the “Other”, reinforcing biased and politically prejudiced views of non-Western societies.

Question 29

What does John Gray say in response to Huntington’s “Clash of Civilizations” theory??

Answer 29

That’s not what we see in real life. He points out that many serious conflicts actually happen within the same 'civilization', not between different ones. (e.g., Russia-Ukraine, Iran-Iraq) He also points out that Iran supported Christian Armenia over Muslim Azerbaijan, which doesn’t fit Huntington’s theory at all.

Question 30

What is cultural hybridization in the context of globalization?

Answer 30

It's the mixing of cultures due to globalization, creating unique hybrid forms that are not fully local or global.

Question 31

How is cultural hybridization generally viewed?

Answer 31

It's seen as a positive (romantic) view of globalization, highlighting creativity, diversity, and innovation.

Question 32

What is glocalization?

Answer 32

It's the idea that communities respond to globalization differently and use media/commodities in unique ways.

Question 33

How is salsa dancing an example of cultural hybridization?

Answer 33

Salsa began in Cuba but changed as it spread, taking on different styles in different regions.

Question 34

What does Appadurai (1996) mean by "indigenization"?

Answer 34

Global cultural elements are quickly adapted and reshaped by local societies.

Question 35

What are Appadurai’s “scapes”?

Answer 35

Appadurai uses the word “scapes” to describe the different ways that global things (like people, ideas, and technology) move around the world. Not a smooth process according to appadurai.

Question 36

5 types of global flows

Answer 36

- ethnoscapes: actual movements, what roles do you occupy - technoscapes: the flow of technology, can radically affect daily life of people - financescapes: movement of money across borders, how changes in one economy can change the rest of the world - mediascapes: transmit information and images globally, how fast messages are circulating - ideoscapes: flows of images primarily political in nature

Question 37

What is deterritorialization in the context of globalization?

Answer 37

This means that borders and national boundaries are becoming less important in defining culture and identity. People, ideas, and media now move easily across countries, so where you're from matters less in shaping who you are. Example: You might live in Canada, watch Korean dramas, eat Indian food, and listen to American music—all at the same time. This challenges the idea that a nation has one clear, unified culture or identity.

Question 38

How does deterritorialization affect our understanding of nations and culture?

Answer 38

It challenges the sense of unified national identity and culture, creating tension between global aspirations and societal closure.

Question 39

What is cultural convergence?

Answer 39

The idea that cultures exposed to similar global influences tend to become more alike over time. People around the world are exposed to the same brands, shows, social media, and trends. Example: Teens in different countries might wear similar clothes, use the same slang from TikTok, or watch the same Netflix shows. It suggests that global culture might be replacing local cultures.

Question 40

Cultural imperialism

Answer 40

This happens when a dominant culture spreads its values and way of life to other cultures, often unintentionally. Sometimes it's seen as one culture "taking over" or overpowering another. Example: American movies, fast food, or English-language media becoming popular worldwide, sometimes at the expense of local traditions. It can lead to concerns about losing cultural diversity.

Question 41

What is "creative destruction"?

Answer 41

The process where new global trends replace older, traditional ones, often leading to loss of local culture and professions.

Question 42

What does "isomorphism" mean in globalization theory?

Answer 42

The process where countries adopt similar models or structures, leading to uniformity in how societies operate.

Question 43

What is McDonaldization?

Answer 43

The process by which the principles of fast-food restaurants (like McDonald’s) are applied to other areas of society.

Question 44

What are the five key features of McDonaldization?

Answer 44

Efficiency, Calculability, Predictability, Control through technology, Irrationality of rationality.

Question 45

: Is McDonaldization about food?

Answer 45

No, it's about the system and how its principles shape broader society.

Question 46

What does “glocal” mean in the context of local shopping streets?

Answer 46

It refers to global influences appearing in local settings—like immigrants running restaurants for local residents.

Question 47

What is “super-diversity”?

Answer 47

When shopkeepers and customers come from many immigrant backgrounds, with no dominant ethnic group.