DAY 4-5-6-7

Question 1

imperialism

Answer 1

methods employed by one country to gainc ontrol of another countryor geographical area, and then exercise control - political, economic, territorial - over that country or geographical area

Question 2

why is imperialism rooted in the idea of the nation-state

Answer 2

Imperialism is rooted in the idea of the nation-state because nation-states often seek to expand their power, influence, and resources to strengthen their national identity and economic position

Question 3

colonialism

Answer 3

creation by colonial power of an administration in an area that has been colonized to run its internal affairs

Question 4

Exploitation Colonialism

Answer 4

Extract resources, labor, and wealth from the colonized land for the benefit of the metropole (the colonizing country).

Question 5

Settler Colonialism

Answer 5

Establish permanent settlements where people from the metropole migrate and replace or dominate the indigenous population.

Question 6

Neo-Colonialism

Answer 6

Maintain economic and cultural control over former colonies without direct political rule.

Question 7

what does the military fiscal state

Answer 7

A “military fiscal state” typically refers to a nation’s fiscal policy and economic state when it prioritizes military spending

Question 8

During the 15th century, European empires, including Spain, Portugal, France, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands, began to establish colonies across the Americas, Africa, and Asia. WHat is this period called

Answer 8

The Commercial Revolution.

Question 9

economic reasons of new imperialism

Answer 9

Colonies become central to economic prosperity of nation state. Colonies are markets for European goods (need to have bigger and bigger market for prosperity), steady supply of raw materials, cheap labor.

Question 10

strategic reasons of new imperialism

Answer 10

Strong navy, seizure of islands/harbors, protection of routes (e.g., Suez Canal), colonies supplied soldiers

Question 11

new imperialism: “Humanitarian” and Missionary:

Answer 11

The idea that colonized people would receive the best of what western civilization had to offer: medicine, law, Christianity to colonized peoples.

Question 12

what became the central justification for imperial presence in colonies

Answer 12

civilizing mission

Question 13

what does the Scramble for Africa refer to?

Answer 13

refers to the period of rapid European colonization and territorial division of Africa between European powers

Question 14

What is often seen as the event that formalized and accelerated the Scramble for Africa?

Answer 14

The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885

it provided the framework for European powers to divide up the African continent without regard to African peoples, cultures, or existing political systems

Question 15

what do we refer to when we say the white man burden?

Answer 15

The phrase suggests that it was the moral responsibility—or “burden”—of white Europeans to civilize, uplift, and govern the peoples they considered “inferior” or “uncivilized.”

It was used to justify the colonization and imperial domination of non-European peoples

Question 16

who were the founders of the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC)

Answer 16

Radisson and Groseilliers - French explorers that saw potential in the in the fur trade

Question 17

When was the Hudson’s Bay Company founded, and who granted its charter?

Answer 17

Founded in 1670, charter granted by King Charles II of England.

Question 18

What territory did the HBC’s charter give it control over?

Answer 18

All lands that drain into Hudson Bay

Question 19

What company emerged as HBC’s biggest rival in 1779?

Answer 19

The North West Company (NWC).

Question 20

What was the outcome of the rivalry between HBC and NWC?

Answer 20

War between the companies, leading to a forced merger in 1821 by the British Crown.

Question 21

How did HBC’s role change in the 19th century? When the International Financial Society gained control of the company

Answer 21

HBC transitioned into a real estate company, selling land to settlers and investors as Canada expanded westward.

Question 22

How did HBC act like a country?

Answer 22

It had its own flag, currency, and political authority over its territory.

Question 23

What is the central idea of Modernization Theory?

Answer 23

Modernization Theory suggests that all societies progress through a series of stages from “traditional” to “modern,” with economic growth, industrialization, and democratization occurring in a linear fashion.

Question 24

Who was Talcott Parsons and what was his contribution to Modernization Theory?

Answer 24

Talcott Parsons was a sociologist who influenced Modernization Theory with his idea of “evolutionary universals,” arguing that societies evolve in a linear progression from traditional to modern.

Question 25

What does the term "teleological process" mean in Modernization Theory?

Answer 25

It refers to the idea that social change follows a predetermined, goal-oriented direction, where societies inevitably move towards modernity.

Question 26

What role does technology and industrial development play in Modernization Theory?

Answer 26

Modern science, technology, and industrial development are seen as the key drivers of progress, enabling societies to move from traditional to modern.

Question 27

How does Modernization Theory link cultural change with economic development?

Answer 27

As societies modernize, cultural changes occur, including shifts in values toward democracy, individual freedoms, and political participation.

Question 28

What are the historical roots of Dependency Theory?

Answer 28

Colonial exploitation of periphery countries for resources by core countries.

Question 29

What is the difference between core and periphery countries in Dependency Theory?

Answer 29

Core countries are industrialized and export high-value goods, while periphery countries export raw materials and have low-value economies.

Question 30

What is "trade inequality" in Dependency Theory?

Answer 30

The imbalance where periphery countries sell raw materials cheaply and buy expensive finished products from core countries.

Question 31

How does Dependency Theory explain the development of core and periphery countries?

Answer 31

Core countries grow wealthier through industrialization, while periphery countries remain underdeveloped due to economic dependence.

Question 32

What solutions does Dependency Theory propose?

Answer 32

Self-sufficiency, diversification of economies, and breaking the cycle of dependence on core countries.

Question 33

How does Dependency Theory critique Western capitalism?

Answer 33

It argues that the capitalist system inherently favors core countries and keeps periphery countries in a state of underdevelopment.

Question 34

Who was Raúl Prebisch and what was his role in Dependency Theory?

Answer 34

Raúl Prebisch was an Argentine economist who played a key role in developing Dependency Theory. He argued that the global economic system exploited peripheral countries by offering them low-value goods in exchange for high-value products, leading to a cycle of economic dependence.

Question 35

what does self liquidating mean?

Answer 35

refers to the process through which a quasi-monopoly, by its very nature, will eventually lose its dominant position due to competition.

Question 36

What are the three categories of states in World System Theory?

Answer 36

Core, Semi-periphery, Periphery.

Question 37

What is the role of core countries in the World System Theory?

Answer 37

Core countries are economically dominant, control global markets, and produce high-value, manufactured goods.

Question 38

What is the relationship between core and peripheral countries in the World System?

Answer 38

Peripheral countries are economically exploited by core countries, providing raw materials and cheap labor, while core countries profit from the sale of finished products.

Question 39

What is the concept of "economic hegemony" in World System Theory?

Answer 39

Economic hegemony refers to the dominant economic influence that core countries exert over peripheral countries, shaping global markets and economic practices.

Question 40

The "Golden Straitjacket":

Answer 40

This term refers to the set of neoliberal policies and economic reforms that countries must adopt to attract foreign investment and thrive in a globalized economy.

Question 41

Who is Milton Friedman and what is his contribution to neoliberalism?

Answer 41

Advocate for free market capitalism. Promoted the idea that government should be minimal, with the market deciding the allocation of resources. Argued that economic freedom leads to political freedom.

Question 42

What is Karl Polanyi's critique of neoliberalism?

Answer 42

Polanyi argued that laissez-faire economics is only possible through active state intervention. He believed the idea of a self-regulating market was absurd and that collective social planning was necessary. Stressed that neoliberalism leads to the disembedding of the economy from society.

Question 43

What is Naomi Klein’s "Shock Doctrine" critique of neoliberalism?

Answer 43

Klein argues that neoliberalism uses "shock" tactics (e.g., crises, disasters) to implement privatization and deregulation. Critiques the negative impacts in countries like Chile and Argentina. Highlights how neoliberalism often leads to inequality, corruption, and environmental disaster.

Question 44

What is David Harvey’s critique of neoliberalism?

Answer 44

Harvey argues that neoliberalism is a class-based political project aimed at restoring the power of economic elites. Critiques that it accelerates inequalities and undermines democracy. Argues that it leads to the concentration of wealth in the hands of the few while damaging social and environmental systems.

Question 45

How does neoliberalism impact inequality?

Answer 45

Neoliberal policies often result in the concentration of wealth and resources in the hands of a few, while social welfare programs are reduced. It can increase poverty and deepen social inequalities.

Question 46

What is the role of the state in a neoliberal system?

Answer 46

The state is expected to facilitate the free market by enforcing policies that ensure privatization, deregulation, and minimal social welfare.

Question 47

What are the critiques of trickle-down economics in neoliberalism?

Answer 47

Critics argue that it does not result in wealth distribution as promised. Instead, it often concentrates wealth at the top, exacerbating inequality. No evidence that benefits trickle down to all levels of society.

Question 48

What is David Harvey's concept of "Accumulation by Dispossession"?

Answer 48

Neoliberal capitalist policies result in the centralization of wealth and power in the hands of a few. This is achieved by dispossessing the public and private entities of their resources (such as land, housing, and natural resources). It is a process that creates inequality and deepens economic and social divides, often seen through privatization and austerity measures.