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Aural Rehabilitation > Lecture 2.1 > Flashcards

Lecture 2.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the components of all hearing aids?

A

microphone - picks up the sound
amplifier - increases the gain
battery - power source
signal processor - computer within the aid
receiver - sends amplified sound to the ear

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2
Q

What is the best way to treat most hearing loss?

A

amplification

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3
Q

How do hearing aids work?

A

sound picked up by microphones

sent to amplifier and then signal processor

amplified signal transferred to receiver to be delivered to ear

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4
Q

What are some factors that contribute to candidacy for hearing aids?

A

age
type and degree of hearing loss
monoaural vs. binaural
needs and lifestyle
technology level
dexterity
physical and or psychological factors

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5
Q

What is binaural squelch/squelch effect?

A

aka cocktail party effect

a signal in the presence of noise is more easily detected when the signal and noise are presented to both ears rather than one ear alone
- benefit of adding the ear with the poorer signal to noise ratio

binaural listener can attend to a conversation in the presence of background noise

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6
Q

What is the head shadow effect?

A

attenuation of sound that occurs as it passes through the head

when hearing on side of poor ear it reduces the loudness of sound as it passes through the head to reach the better ear

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7
Q

What is the localization effect?

A

the ability to know the direction of the sound and to orientate in an environment

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8
Q

What is the summation effect?

A

a boost in perceived loudness when both ears hear a signal

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9
Q

Are 2 hearing aids always better than one?

A

yes unless only single sided deficits

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10
Q

Who uses BTE hearing aids?

A

all ages, mild to profound degree of hearing loss

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11
Q

What are the types of BTE hearing aids?

A

open fit
receiver in the canal

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12
Q

What are open fit hearing aids?

A

thin tube is attached to the device and a dome is used along with it, allows ear canal to remain open

suitable for individuals with excessive wax build up

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13
Q

What are receiver-in-the-canal hearing aids?

A

has an external receiver which goes into the ear canal

for mild-severe hearing loss

no “plugged up” feeling

minimizes amplification of own voice by allowing sounds to escape through ear canal

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14
Q

What are the types of custom hearing aids?

A

in the ear (ITE)
in the canal (ITC)
completely in the canal (CIC)

all made using ear mold impression of the patient’s ear

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15
Q

What is an in-the-ear hearing aid?

A

molded and fits the outer ear

suitable for mild-severe hearing loss

not recommended for children because the casing would need to be replaced often as the child’s ear keeps growing

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16
Q

What is an in-the-canal hearing aid?

A

molded and fits partly in the ear canal

for mild to moderately severe hearing loss

not suitable for children, individuals with severe to profound hearing loss, or individuals with poor dexterity (harder to insert and remove device)

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17
Q

What is a completely in the ear hearing aid?

A

molded to fit full inside the ear canal

smallest type, nearly invisible

not recommended for children or individuals with severe-profound hearing loss

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18
Q

What is the hearing aid fitting process?

A

assessment of hearing loss
selection of hearing aid
verification of hearing aid
outcome validation

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19
Q

Why is hearing aid fitting important?

A

hearing aids fit comfortably

output of hearing aid meets specific hearing needs and lifestyle needs

speech is audible and comfortable across a broad range of frequencies

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20
Q

What occurs during a hearing assessment?

A

case history
- medical, hearing, family, noise exposure, etc.

otoscopy

audiologic assessment
- acoustic immittance procedures (ex. tympanometry)
- OAEs
- pure-tone audiometry (air and bone conduction)
- ABR

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21
Q

What is acoustic immittance?

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A

measure of air pressure flow

useful in assessing anatomy of the middle ear and then function of the tympanic membrane and muscle reflexes

22
Q

What do OAEs measure?

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A

the responses from hair cells in the inner ear

23
Q

What is pure tone audiometry?

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A

behavioural test that measures hearing thresholds through air and bone conduction

using in hearing aid programming when available

24
Q

What is ABR?

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A

auditory brainstem response

records evoked potentials from auditory nerve and brainstem structures

25
What are the physical features to be considered during selection of hearing aids?
style of hearing aids (depends on type and degree of loss, age, appearance, etc.) binaural vs. monaural ear mold/shell type and configuration number and size of user controls compatibility with other technologies
26
What are some electroacoustic characteristics to be considered during hearing aid selections?
microphones noise reduction binaural processing program options also: digital feedback control frequency lowering telecoil sensitivity
27
What is the role of microphones in hearing aids?
pick up sound and send it to processor have at least one, usually 2 or more hearing aids that communicate between ears use microphones on both aids to collect sound from specific locations
28
What are the types of microphones used in hearing aids?
omni-directional - picks up sound from all around directional - multiple microphones work to reduce sound from behind the target signal and can be configured in an array to form a directional response beamforming microphone array - can be designed to be more sensitive to sound coming from one or more specific directions than sound coming from other directions
29
How can hearing aids reduce noise?
noise affects fatigue, memory, comprehension, and performance because of an increase in cognitive load digital noise reduction provides less amplification to noise than speech - identifies frequencies/times when noise is intense relative to speech and applies less amplification
30
What are the benefits of binaural processing?
better hearing in noise better localization of sound phone use going to both ears
31
What are hearing aid programs?
different settings or configurations of the hearing aid that can be selected based on environment - vary gain, noise reduction, directionality number of programs in a hearing aid can vary
32
What are tinnitus programs?
hearing aids have specific programs for tinnitus patients - patients with ringing or noises in the ears
33
What is digital feedback control?
whistling sound from the hearing aid is automatically cut out
34
What are the components of hearing aid fitting and verification?
quality control electroacoustic analysis physical fit fitting approaches
35
What is quality control?
before fitting the aid do a listening check using a stethoscope to rule out noise and check sound quality
36
What is electroacoustic analysis?
hearing aid tested and compared to American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to verify if it meets its intended performance measures
37
How is the physical fit of a hearing aid tested?
fit of the ear mold or hearing aid is verified with the patient by assessing cosmetic appeal, physical comfort, absence of feedback, ease of insertion, and removal
38
What are fitting algorithms?
mathematical models that adjust the amplification and frequency response of a hearing aid to match the specific hearing needs of the user most common: desired sensation level and NAL-NL2
39
What are real ear measures?
measures the actual sound levels delivered to the ear through the hearing aid used to set hearing aids/verify proper fitting - proper frequency gain - ensure audibility/minimize discomfort a probe microphone measures sound levels in the ear canal while the hearing aid is in use, hearing aid response displayed on SPLogram - plots dB SPL at each frequency
40
How does the equipment for real ear measures work?
place probe tube in ear canal within 5mm of ear drum measures sound pressure level just before it hits the ear drum, adjust based on target levels - targets based on hearing loss, hearing aid style, ear shape, etc.
41
What is the goal of hearing aid fitting?
adjust hearing aid response (using SPLogram) so that it meets the prescriptive targets connected to manufacturer's hearing aid software during the fitting and gain adjustments are made in real time
42
What levels are hearing aid responses calibrated at?
soft - 55 dB SPL average - 65 dB SPL loud - 75 dB SPL max power output - 90 dB SPL - ensures hearing aid does not exceed uncomfortable hearing levels
43
What do we do if we notice hearing aid output does not match prescriptive targets?
fine tuning/adjusting the gain to match the targets can bring gain up at certain frequencies and down at others as necessary
44
What is the importance of real ear verification?
provides accurate measure of sound pressure level at ear drum which provides more accurate assessment of hearing aid performance several standards/guidelines insist on use of real ear verification
45
What are over the counter (OTC) hearing aids?
approved by FDA hearing instrument, OTC hearing aid, personal sound amplification devices, hearables
46
Who are OTC hearing instruments for?
for hearing loss treatment adult and pediatric mild to severe hearing loss
47
Who are OTC hearing aids for?
option for treatment of perceived hearing loss mild to moderate severity loss adults, not pediatric
48
What is a PSAP?
personal sound amplification device for adults to use in specific listening situations such as recreational activities like birdwatching or hunting NOT for hearing loss, for people with normal hearing
49
What are hearables?
electronic in-ear devices used for enhanced hearing or as health devices (ex. HR) for adults, not for children ear level entertainment, not for hearing loss
50
How has technology expanded for hearing devices?
AirPod Pros as hearing devices smart phones as remote controls for hearing aid and "find my" feature accessories - remote mics - streaming devices

Aural Rehabilitation (11 decks)

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