Lecture 20-Adult nutrition Flashcards
Adult nutrition
adulthood spans from
early 20s to early 60s
Early adulthood
20s-30s
becoming independent, leaving home, employment / career, choosing a partner, having children
Midlife age
40s
family responsibilities , work, managing schedules, awareness of ones mortality
Sandwich generation
50s
multigenerational care (children and ageing parents), maintaining career, possible health issues or prevention of them
what is later adulthood
early 60s
transition to retirement, more leisure and physical activity time
Inadequate and excessive levels of nutrition will
Impact health over time
A healthy dietary pattern can
Promote health and reduce the risk of chronic disease
malnutrition can result from
genetic factors, disease states as well as poor diet
what are the hormonal changes that happen to females in adulthood
climacteric changes (end of reproduction (around~50 Y opr earlier or later)
perimenopause > menopause
what are the hormonal changes that happen to males in adulthood
testosterone levels and muscle mass will decline after the age of 30
what is perimenopause
the transitional phase between normal menstruation and menopause
perimenopause is characterised by
differences in cycle length, hormonal fluctuations (decline in estrogen)
Is perimenopuase hard or easy to assess
Hard
what are the symptoms of perimenopause
- hot flushes
- mood disturbance
- menstrual cycle disturbance (heavy bleeding)
- fatigue
Perimenopause- importance: Risk factors for chronic disease changes
- accelerated bone loss
- increase in abdominal fat (central adiposity)
- changes in lipid profile
- altered glucose metabolism
- increased risk of CVD
Treatment for perimenopuase
focus on prevention of chronic disease risks
offer individualised lifestyle recommendations
- prevent bone loss : intake of calcium, vit D status, supplemention??
- prevent excess weight, altered lipds, risk of CVD : through healthy eating and activity
what is menopause
when a women stops having periods, the ovaries stop functioning and run out of eggs
sometimes menopause can occur for other reasons, what are they
urgical reasons, chemotherapy or radiotherapy to the pelvis
women might experience menopause early if they ..
live at high altitudes, are a smoker or have had a hysterectomy
what is responsible for most menopausal symptoms
drop in estrogen
some women have menopausal symptoms that last for
5-10 years
Bone composition changes with menopuase
- around 40 years bone mass will decline
- risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis will depend on peak bone mass achieve by late 20s
Body composition changes to adiposity in adulthood
positive energy balance typical in adulthood
what are the changes that happen to fat in adulthood
increased visceral fat (deep in intra-abdominal space)
increased ectopic fat (accumulates in organs - liver, heart, pancreas, muscles)
what proportion of kiwis are consuming the recommended amount of vegetables
11%
what proportion of kiwis are consuming the recommended amount of fruit per day
44.9%
what proportion of kiwis are consuming the recommended amount of both vegetables and fruit per day
6.7%
what % of adults drink alcohol
~80%
what % of New Zealand Adults drink hazardously
~20%
how is hazardous drinking measured and what is considered hazardous drinking
using a 10 question Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT
someone who drank six or more drinks on one occasion, twice a week
hazardous drinking is highest among what gender and what is the prevalence
22% men and 10% women
hazardous drinking is highest among what age groups
highest prevalence 18-24 and 25-34 year olds
slight peak again 45-54 year olds
Alcohol Guidline
there is no safe level of alcohol intake,
if you choose to drink keep your intake low
o reduce long term health risks, women should consume (alcohol)
no more than 2 std drinks a day,
no more than 10 standard drinks each week
to reduce long term health risks, men should consume (alcohol)
no more than 3 std drinks a day,
no more than 15 std drinks each week
to reduce long term health risks, men and women should (alcohol)
have at least 2 alcohol free days every week
alcohol use is a risk factor for …. and linked to
cancer
linked to the most prevalent types of cancers (e.g bowel, breast)
what in terms of alcohol is the best for cancer prevention
abstinence
of the cancer deaths caused by alcohol, what is the most common
st cancer is most common
one in every …. deaths from cancer in NZ are due to alcohol use (for persons <80 years)
25 deaths
more than how many breast cancer deaths from alcohol were due to an average consumption of less than 2 std drinks per day
more than 1/3
an estimated how many breast cancer deaths in 2016 were due to drinking alcohol
65 deaths
gastro oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)
is the most common gastrointestinal diagnosis amongst adults in the community
who are those at highest risk of gastro-oesophageal reflux
pregnant women
smokers
-adults with high alcohol intake
overweight adults (35-64 year olds)
what are the symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
- acid regurgitation / reflex
- heart burn
- bad breath
- bloating and belching
- nausea
- pain when swallowing
- sore throat / cough
what is the treatment for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease for mild symptoms :
lifestyle changes
- smaller meals, more frequent
- avoid triggers foods (usually - high fat, spicy, stimulants - caffeine, alcohol)
- raising head of bed
- maintain healthy weight
- smoking cessation
what is the treatment for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease for severe symptoms
medicine or surgery
what is said about supplement use in adults
intended to supplement the diet only, foods first apporach
Deficiencies are unlikely
In healthy individuals that eat a balanced diet including foods from all food groups
in 2008/2009 what % of NZ adults were taking some form of supplement
48%
globally the dietary supplement industry is worth … and has an expected annual growth rate of ….. from 2022-2030
> 150 billion
8.9%
the domestic supplement market is regulated differently from
food (FSANZ)
regulated by Medsafe
what is the issue with importing supplements
high risk of supplement contamination
what are possible contaminations of supplements
- glass shards, bacteria, doping substances
- pre cursor to methamphetamine, steroids
- dose : invalid claims
health professionals need to be aware of stacking….
supplements
people can be consuming heaps of supplements with crossing over nutrients : therefore above the UL for some
what supplement group was used the most by NZ adults
oils (fish and plant)
regular use of supplements was more frequent among what age group of NZ adults
older NZ adults
