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HUNT243 > Diabetes practical > Flashcards

Diabetes practical Flashcards

1
Q

type 1 diabetes is managed through

A

medication mostly, but also food choice and physical activity

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2
Q

type 1 diabetes makes up what % of diabetes cases

A

10%

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3
Q

type 1 diabetes is an

A

autoimmune condition where the body attacks the cells that make insulin, which means not enough is created

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4
Q

type 1 diabetes is mostly diagnosed when

A

in children

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5
Q

type 2 diabetes makes up what proportion of diabetes cases

A

90%

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6
Q

what happens in type 2 diabetes

A

cells either don’t produce enough insulin or dont recognise that insulin is present

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7
Q

when is type 2 diabetes usually diagnosed

A

mostly diagnosed in adults, but increasing numbers of children and teenagers are being diagnosed

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8
Q

after we eat glucose appears in

A

the bloodstream

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9
Q

when glucose appears in the bloodstream what is released in response

A

insulin

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10
Q

when insulin receptors detect insulin what happens

A

insulin causes translocation of glucose transporters to the surface of the cells

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11
Q

what happens when glucose transporters are translocated to the surface of cells

A

glucose is taken into cells and blood glucose declines

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12
Q

what are the issues that occur in the glucose / insulin relationship in type 1 diabetes

A

no, or very little insulin is produced

glucose stays in the blood stream

not enough glucose gets into the cells and organs that need it for energy

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13
Q

what happens in a state of insulin resistance

A

insulin receptors stop responding appropriately to insulin

more insulin is needed to trigger translocation of glucose transporters

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14
Q

insulin is continued to be produced in insulin resistance because why

A

blood glucose remains high after a meal because glucose transporters are unable to transport it into the cells so the body continues to produce insulin to try and help

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15
Q

what occurs in response to defective insulin response, and after a while what starts to rise (also eventually or simultaneously what occurs)

A

hepatic gluconeogenesis

fasting glucose levels begin to rise

beta cells atrophy and insulin production slows

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16
Q

what happens when you have too much glucose in your blood

A

glucose travels to the kidney

causing osmotic diuresis and polyuria

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17
Q

polyuria leads to

A
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18
Q

what is HbA1c

A

Higher concentrations of blood glucose over time

19
Q

higher concentrations of blood glucose overtime results in an

A

Higher concentrations of blood glucose over time results in an
increase in the glycation of hemoglobin molecules (addition of
glucose molecule to amino acid side chain)

20
Q

HbA1c is a measure of

A

Measure of glycemic (blood sugar) control over previous 2-3
months

21
Q

what are the HbA1c cut offs for diagnosing type 2 diabetes in NZ

A

> 50 = indicative of diabetes
41-49 = pre diabetes
<40 = diabetes unlikely

22
Q

what are the HbA1c cut offs for diagnosing type 2 diabetes internationally

A

> 48 = indicative of diabetes
42-47 = pre diabetes
<41 = diabetes unlikely

23
Q

what proportion of NZ had type 2 diabetes

A

Somewhere between 5 and
7% of the population

24
Q

what proportion of NZ population have prediabetes

A

~20% of the population

25
Q

what are the long term health consequences that can be a result of diabetes

A

-stroke
-Blindness
-Heart attack
-Kidney failure
-Amputation

26
Q

what are the risk factors for diabetes

A

-High BMI
-PCOS
-CVD
-family history
-Gestational diabetes
-severe mental illness
-Long term use of oral corticosteroids

27
Q

risk of diabetes increases with what

A

BMI

28
Q

what lifestyle changes will help reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes

A

Reduce energy intake

Increase physical
activity

Increase fibre intake

Reduce total and
saturated fat intake

29
Q

how does weight gain contribute to diabetes risk (positive energy balance)

A

Being in a state of prolonged positive energy balance is associated with increased fat
accumulation around muscle and organs, and increased inflammation, both of which are
known to decrease peripheral insulin sensitivity

30
Q

how does weight gain contribute to diabetes risk (increased triglyceride storage)

A

Increased triglyceride storage in the liver (due to prolonged excess energy intake) reduces
hepatic insulin sensitivity

31
Q

how does weight gain contribute to diabetes risk (exposure of beta cells)

A

Exposure of beta cells to fatty acids increases the rate of cell death and decreases insulin
production

32
Q

lifestyle interventions that incorporate a moderate physical activity component reduce incidence diabetes by

A

Lifestyle interventions that incorporate a moderate physical
activity component reduce incidence diabetes by 28-63% in
participants with impaired glucose tolerance

Greater reductions are seen when the intervention also
induces weight loss (but exercise alone is still effective)

33
Q

in obese prevention the goal of 150 min a week is probably …..

A

NOT ENOUGH needs be be closer to 60 mins per day

34
Q

most common suggestion of physical activity to reduce the risk of diabetes

A
34
Q

what is the effect of exercise

A

Being physically active helps to prevent obesity

35
Q

how does physical activity reduce the risk of diabetes

A

Improved endothelial function and capillarization

increased mitochondrial biogenesis and fibre ratios

improved muscular respiratory capacity and fatty acid
oxidation

increased expression and activity of glut 4 and glycogen
synthase

36
Q

what is the types of carbohydrates and their associated outcomes

A

Sugar
starches
Fibre

37
Q

what is the recommended intake of sugar

A

Recommended intake <10%TE

38
Q

what is the outcomes associated with sugar

A

Increased body weight

Increased rates of dental caries

39
Q

fibre lowers the risk of

A

⬇️ Mortality
⬇️ CVD
⬇️ CHD
⬇️ T2
⬇️ colorectal cancer

40
Q

fibre improves

A

Improved Body weight, Blood pressure and
Cholesterol

41
Q

WHO recommends what for fibre intake

A

25 g per day

42
Q

“Important messages

A

“Important messages are to consume
minimally processed plant foods, such as
whole grains, vegetables, whole fruit,
legumes, nuts, seeds and nonhydrogenated non-tropical vegetable oils,
while minimising the consumption of red
and processed meats, sodium, sugarsweetened beverages and refined grains.

HUNT243 (29 decks)

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