Lecture 2 Slides Flashcards by Crista Flores

Define homeostasis

Maintenance of relanely stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes

A dynamic state of EQUILIBRIUM

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Homeostasis control mechanisms are:

To involve continuous monitoring and regulation of many factors

Nervous and endocrine systems accomplish the communication via nerve impulses and hormones

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Components of a control mechanism

Receptor(sensor)

Control Center

Effector

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Receptor (sensor)

Monitors the environment

And responds to stimuli

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Control Center

Determines the set point at which the variable is maintained

Receives input from receptor

Determines appropriate response

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Effector

Receives output from the control center

Provides the means to respond

Response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulu (feeback)

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What is negate feedback

Response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus

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Example of negate feedback

Regulation of body temp when sick

(a nervous mechanism)

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What is positive feedback

Response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus

Ex: Controls enhancement of labor contractions
Platelet plug formation and blood

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Homeostatic imbalance

Is the disturbance of homeostasis I these imbalances can increase risk of disease

Also contribute to changes associate with aging

Can allow destructive POSITIVE feedback mechanisms to take over

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Standardized position is when

The body is erect

Facing the observer

Eyes facing forward

Feet slightly apart and flat

Arms at side

Palms facing forward, thumbs pointed away from the body

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Use standard position from which to

Describe terms

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Superior (cranial)

Toward the head end on upper part of the

Directional term

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Inferior (claudial)

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of the body

Directional term

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Ventral (anterior)

Front of the body

Directional term

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Dorsal (posterior)

Toward the back of the body

Directional term

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Medial

Toward or at the midline

Directional term

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Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Directional term

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Intermediate

Between more medial and a more lateral structure

Directional term

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Proximal

Closer to origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Directional term

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Distal

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to body trunk

Directional term

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Superficial (external)

Toward ur at the body surface

Directional term

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Deep (internal)

Away frown the body surface, more internal

Directional term

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Regional terms

Axial

Appendicular

They designate specific areas

Axial

Vital Head, neck, trunk

Appendicular

Limbs (upper and lower)

Cephalic region

Frontal, orbital , nasal, oval, mental

Cervical region

Neck

Thoracic region

axillary ,mammary sternal

Abdominal region

Umbilical

Pelvic region

Inguinal (groin)

Pubic region

Genitalia

Upper limb region

Acromial brachial (arm) Antecubital Antebrachical (forearm) Carpal (wrist)

Manus (hand) region

Palmer pollex Digital

Lower limb region

coxal Femoral Patellar Crural Fibulae or peroneal

Pedal (foot)

Tarsal (peroneal) Metatarsal Digital Hallux

Minus hand region posterior / dorsal side

Metacarpal Digital

Plane

An imaginary flat surface that passes through the body

Section

One of the 2 surfaces that result when body is cut by a plane passing through it

Sagittal plane

Divides the body or organ vertically into left and right sides

Midsagittal plane

Produces = parts

Parasagittal plane

Produces unequal halves

Frontal or coronal plane

Divides the body vertically into front and back portions

Transverse or horizontal plane

Divides the body or organ into upper or lower portions

Oblique section

Cuts diagonally

Dorsal body cavity houses the

Central nervous system Cranial- contains the brain vertebral - contains the spinal card

Ventral body cavity houses the

Internal organs (viscera) thoracic - contains heart and lung adominal- contains digestive viscera pelvic - contains urinary, bladder, reproductive organs rectum

Thoracic and abdominalpelvic cavities are separated by the

Diaphragm

Serous membrane

Thin double layered membrane separated by serous fluid

Parietal serosa lines

The Internal walls so basically covers the visceral wall

Visceral serosa covers the

Internal organs

The abdominopelvic quadrants

Umbilical region

Centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus

Epigastric region

Superior to the umbilical region

Hypogastric or pubic region:

Inferior to the umbilical region

Iliac or inguinal regions

Lateral to the hypogastric region

Lumbar region

Lateral to the umbilical region

Hypochondriac regions

Lateral to epigastric region and deep to the ribs

Cavities around the head area

Orbital - house eyes Nasal - within and posterior the nose Oral - mouth Middle ear - medial to eardrums Synovial - joint between neck vertebrate