Lecture 2: Skull And Face

Question 1

Outline obvious changes in form and appearance of skull associated with growth from birth to adult

Answer 1

Differences: 
Sutures
Teeth
Small mandible 
Face is grown out
Ossification, no madibular symphoses

Question 2

How many bones make up the cranium?

Answer 2

8 bones
Parietal x2
Temporal x2
Frontal 
Occipital 
Sphenoid 
Ethmoid

Question 3

How many facial bones are there?

Answer 3

14 facial bones 
Mandible 
Ethmoid 
Vomer 
Maxilla x2
Inferior nasal concha x2
Zygomatic x2
Palatine x2
Nasal x2
Lacrimal x2

Question 4

Name the 4 cranial sutures

What are sutures?

Answer 4

Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Lambdoid suture
Squamous suture

Fibrous joints that have ossified with age

Question 5

What are the age changes in the cranium as you get older?

Answer 5

Cranial bones become thinner and lighter
Diploe become filled with grey gelatinous material (bone marrow of blood cells and fat)
Obliteration of cranial sutures at about age 30-40 (internal surface)
Age 40-50 on external surface refer to slide 20

Question 6

What are pneumatized bones?

Answer 6

Bones that contain air spaces to decrease weight
Eg frontal, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid
Total volume of air spaces increases with age (absent at birth)

Question 7

What bones make up the anterior fossa?
Middle fossa?
Posterior fossa?

Answer 7

Anterior fossa:

• frontal bone
• ethmoid bone
• sphenoid bone (lesser wing)

Middle fossa

• sphenoid (greater wing)
• Temporal bone

Posterior fossa
-occipital bone

Slide 20

Question 8

What are the foramina of the cranial base: superior view

Slide 30

Answer 8

Look at slide 30

Question 9

Name the layers of the scalp

Slide 39

Answer 9

S: skin 
C: connective tissue 
A: aponeurosis 
L: loose areolar tissue 
P: pericardium (periosteum covering outer surface of the skull

Question 10

What is the diploe layer of the skull?

Answer 10

Spongy, porous, bony tissue between the external (thick/ tough) table and the internal (thin, dense brittle table)

Question 11

What are the 3 arteries that supply blood to the face?

Answer 11

Superficial temporal artery
Maxillary artery
Facial artery

Question 12

What is the sensory innervation of the face and scalp?

Answer 12

Anterior/anterolateral =Trigeminal nerve CNV 5
Posterolateral= anterior rami of spinal nerves
Posterior = posterior rami of spinal nerves

Question 13

What is the muscle that sits on our forehead?

Answer 13

Occipitofrontalis

Question 14

What is Bell’s palsy?

Answer 14

Injury to facial nerve (CN 7)

Paralysis of some or all facial muscles on the affected side

Question 15

What are the muscles of mastication (4)

What is their blood supply and nerve innovation?

Answer 15

Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoids
Lateral pterygoids 
(Moves TMJ) 

Blood supply: maxillary artery
Motor nerve: mandibular (branch of trigeminal nerve)

Slide 57

Question 16

What is the junction between the frontal, coronal and sagittal suture called? (Anterior fontalle)
What is the junction between the sagittal and lambdoid sutures (posterior fontalle) called?

Answer 16

Bregma
Lambda
Greg and ma
Lamb and he’s a da

Question 17

Craniometric points of the cranium

Name each of them slide 11

Answer 17

Do it or fail again women

Question 18

Where does the Frankfort horizontal plane lie?

Slide 13

Answer 18

Inferior margin of the orbits and superior region of the external acoustic meatus.
Look at it slide 13

Question 19

What is it called when the sutures become completely ossified?

Answer 19

Synostoses

Question 20

Sensory innervation to face and scalp
What are the nerves that branch from CN 5- V1
What are the nerves that branch from CN 5- V2
What are the nerves that branch from CN 5- V3

Answer 20

V1:
-supra orbital 
-Supratrochlear
-infra trochlear
-external nasal 
-lacrimal 
V2:
-zygomatic temporal
-zygomaticofacial
-infra orbital 
V3:
- auriculotemporal 
-buccal 
-mental

Question 21

What are the branches of the facial nerve?
2 zoolus broke my cervix
Motor innervation to face

Answer 21

Temporal 
Zygomatic 
Buccal 
Mandibular
Cervical

Question 22

What comes out of the cribriform plate? 
Optic canal? 
Superior orbital fissure? 
Foramen rotundum? 
Foramen ovale? 
Foramen spinosum?

Answer 22

What comes out of the cribriform plate? Olfactory nerve bundles
Optic canal? Optic nerve 2, ophthalmic artery
Superior orbital fissure? Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, ophthalmic V1 and superior ophthalmic vein
Foramen rotundum? Maxillary nerve CN V2
Foramen ovale? Mandibular CNV3, accessory meningeal artery,
Foramen spinosum? Mandibular CNV3 meningeal branch, middle meningeal artery and vein.

Question 23

What come out the foramen lacerum?
Carotid canal? 
Internal acoustic meatus?
Jugular foramen? 
Hypoglossal canal? 
Foramen magnum?

Answer 23

What come out the foramen lacerum? (Filled with cartilage in life)
Carotid canal? (Internal carotid artery, internal carotid nerve plexus
Internal acoustic meatus? Facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve, labyrinths artery)
Jugular foramen? CN 9, 10, 11, posterior meningeal artery, sigmoid sinus.
Hypoglossal canal? CN 12- hypoglossal
Foramen magnum? (Medulla meninges, vertebral arteries, meningeal branches of vertebral arteries, CN 11 spinal nerve roots