Lecture 2 pt 1 Flashcards

Exam

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1
Q

Plato , Aristotle

A

believed life forms unchanged since the beginning + species are fixed

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2
Q

Catastrophism

A

Large-scaled disaster destroy species
explains extinction and differences

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3
Q

Lamarck

A

“drive to perfection” - proposed mechanism
1) use/disuse
2) inheritance of acquired traits

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4
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

geological change occurs slowly and gradually
1) natural laws are always constant
3) scientist should explain past with same processes

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5
Q

Darwin

A

Collected fossils, uniformitarianism , explanis fossils on mountain top

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6
Q

Galapagos island

A

many endemic species found in one place

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7
Q

Theory of natural selection

A

“descent with modification” =evolution
operates without ultimate goal
selects organism more fit to survive

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8
Q

artificial selection

A

humans selecting desired traits _ breeding to emphasize those traits

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9
Q

Direct observation ( evidence for evolution)

A

variation exists in a population
environment favors one variation over the other nature “selects” those with desirable features

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10
Q

sedimentation

A

sand/silt is carried by rivers , organisms dies, lower layers are compressed

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11
Q

Fossils

A

organic components(carbon) replaced with inorganic materials ( rock)

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12
Q

Biogeography

A

Pangea “supercontinent”, continents drift apart, distribution of species reflects evolutionary and geologic change

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13
Q

Homology

A

( shared ancestry ) similarity implies a common ancestry followed by adaptation + specialization

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14
Q

Analogy

A

analogous structure, evolved independently to solve a problem but is not due to shared ancestry

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15
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Wings for flight , emerged differently in mammals, birds, and insects

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16
Q

Vestigial organs

A

leftover structures that have little if any function

17
Q

Microevolution

A

Small, change in frequency of alleles

18
Q

Genetic variation in population

A

existence of 2+ alleles in a population

19
Q

Gene pool

A

All alleles for all genes in that species

20
Q

Hardy Weinberg Rules

A

No new mutations
pop must be large
pop must be isolated
mating events must be random
random odds of survival
predicts no evolution and is in an equilibrium

21
Q

Genetic drift

A

Random fluctuations in allele frequencies in a population

22
Q

Genetic drift : Bottle neck

A

Severe random reduction in pop size
decreases overall genetic variation

23
Q

Genetic drift: Founder effect

A

Colonization of a new habitat by a few individuals
- smaller colonies unlikely tp represent original genepool

24
Q

Gene flow

A

Movement or exchange of alleles between pops
( immigration - emigration)

25
Q

Genetic drift & gene flow–> natural selection

A

all of these are examples of evolution but not adaptation which comes from natural selection ,
happens by chance and sorting

26
Q

Sexual selection

A

example of natural selection ( has chance)
certain traits make individuals more likely to obtain mates
secondary sexual traits, differences not directly related to reproduction or fitness.