Lecture 14

Question 1

Animals Defined

Answer 1

“kingdom of consumers”
ingestive heterotrophs (mouth)
tissues, groups of specialized cells > nerve and muscle for sensation
digestive system ( one whole)

Question 2

modes of nutrition (animals)

Answer 2

All animals are heterotrophs
but some can be autotrophs and mixotrophs

Question 3

exceptions to mode of nutrition

Answer 3

autotrophs animal: emerald green slug algae does PSN stores food and uses it for camoflauge

heterotrophic plant : venus fly trap carnivore

Question 4

Comparting and contrasting eukaryotes

Answer 4

Animals do not have a cell wall
protist (sometimes Fungi) don’t have tissues
motile > all but plants and fungi

Question 5

Muscle tissue

Answer 5

Movement types differ in location and method of control
intentional/voluntary vs autopilot/involuntary)
skeletal muscle, smooth muscle , cardiac muscle

Question 6

Nervous tissue

Answer 6

Makes up the “nervous system” also in voluntary
functions: Detect info, process info, trigger response.

Question 7

Animal reproduction

Answer 7

mostly sexual, producing either eggs or sperm.
Sexual reproduction: preceded by meiosis
Fertilization: restores the correct amount of external, can be internal or external

Question 8

Basics of Animal Development

Answer 8

Mitosis: produces more cells, zygote
Blastula: hollow ball of cells, cavity = blastocoel
Gastrula: gastrulationion, form layers of tissue

Question 9

Evolutionary History of animals

Answer 9

spans 500+ million years

incredible morphological diversity

earliest, simplest animals originated 700 mya

common ancestor tp all animals 770 mya

Question 10

Eukaryote tree of life

Answer 10

our closest non-animal relatives= choanoflagelates

Question 11

Choanoflagellates

Answer 11

Closest living relatives of animals
suspension feeders
flagella agitate water
collar traps food
all unicellular may live in colonies

Question 12

Choanocytes

Answer 12

found in sponges feeding cells
also found in jellies flatworms , sea stars

Question 13

Origin of multicellular animals

Answer 13

Requires new way for cells to adhere: animals lack of cell walls –> develop alternatives
Requires new ways for cells to commincate :
involve proteins/molecules on the cells surface to send and receive messages
Allow for functional specialization of cells: Certain cells are given particular functions ( skin cells –> protection, somach cells> digestion

Question 14

Neoproterozoic (1bya-541 mya)

Answer 14

first macroscopic animal fossils
classified as mollusks and or cnidarians
early for predation (predation)
evidence for early defense (shells)

Question 15

Paleozoic (541-252 mya)

Answer 15

includes Cambrian explosion
fossils contain representatives of about half of all extant animal groups
includes bilareran with two sided symmetry
vertebrates emrge

Question 16

Mezoic (252-66 mya)

Answer 16

animals–> new habitats
some returned to water
others developed now adaptations
dinos + first mammals emerged

Question 17

Cenozoic (66-present)

Answer 17

large , non-fly donos + marine reptiles> extinct
large mammals tool their places
involves exo of humans from ape-like acenstors

Question 18

Animal body plans

Answer 18

set of morphology and developmental traits part of living orgs
convergent evolutions some shared features are coincidences

Question 19

Body plans: Symmetry

Answer 19

asymmetrical: no way to evenly divide
Bilateral: 2 equal halves
radial symmetry: can be evenly divide in more than one way

Question 20

Body plans : tissues

Answer 20

Sponges lack tissues
diffrent tissue layers lead to different organs
ectoderm: outer layer develops into outer covering
endoderm innermost layer > lining of digestive system
mesoderm : fills in between other ends/ecto muscles and organs

Question 21

Body plans: Body cavities

Answer 21

coelom
have diverse functions strucutre fro suppor and transport
some orgs have cavity and differ in which tissues line cavity
some organism have no cavity

Question 22

Body plans: development

Answer 22

coelom formation: formed gastrulation, punch, –> proto- mesoderm splits
deuterostomes- mesoderm folds

Blaskpore fate: on that forsm during gastrualation= becomes opening
proto= first mouth
deuterostome=second mouth

Question 23

Evolving view of animal phylogeny

Answer 23

All animals share a common ancestor
sponges are a sister group
after sponges all other animals have tissues
most animals have bilateral symmetry
there are 3 groups of bilateral animals

Question 24

1. All animals sahre a common ancestor

Answer 24

all extant / exitnt animal groups decended from ancestral protist 770 mya

Question 25

2. Sponges are a sister group

Answer 25

they diverged early on

Question 26

3. After sponges all other animals have tissues

Answer 26

some animals have radial 2 tissue types

Question 27

4. Most animals have bilateral symmetry

Answer 27

L/R side + 3 tissue layers ( end, eco, mess

Question 28

5. there are 3 major groups of bilateral animals

Answer 28

most are invertebrates( lack backbone)
chordates are only phylum that includes vertebrates ( not all chordates are vertebrates)