Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC20009 > Lecture 2: personality introduction > Flashcards

Lecture 2: personality introduction Flashcards

1
Q

what is personality according to:

  1. Deyoung & Gray
  2. Pervin
  3. Hogan
  4. Mcadams & pals
A
  1. regularities in behaviour and experience
  2. a persons typical mode of response
  3. our identity and reputation
  4. a) unique variation b) dispositional traits c) characteristic adaptations d) self-defining life narratives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the three levels of personality according to mcadams and pals?

A
  1. dispositional traits = patterns of behaviour, decontextualised (e.g. shy, impulsive)
  2. characteristic adaptations = individuals particular life circumstances, highly contextualised (goals, social roles)
  3. life narratives = the story we have constructed about who we are, highly individualised
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define dispositional (personality) traits

A
  • probabilistic descriptions of regularities in behaviour and experience (e.g. moody, sociable)
  • arising in situations to very broad classes of stimuli and situations (e.g. threat, social encounter)

= relatively decontextualised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what were the earliest trait catalogues?

A
  • the characters of theophrastus
    -> flatterer, reckless man, chatty man, gossip, surly man, distrustful man, mean man
    (Ancient Greek philosophy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what were allport and Odbert’s (1936) trait catalogues like?

A
  • lexical hypothesis
  • important characteristics will be coded in language
  • collected an exhaustive list of descriptors (18,000 terms)
  • more of a list than a system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how are basic trait domains structured in the statistical method (factor analysis?)
- who was it developed by?

A
  • reduces many correlated variable to much fewer composite variables or factors
  • similar terms combined and reduced to one dimension
  • spearman and thurstone to explore the structure of mental abilities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

who reduced allport and odbert’s list and how

-> how many factors?

A

cattell through varied techniques including factor analysis

-> 16

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

give an example of three dimensions prior to cartell that would have correlated to form a single dimension

A 
ample, large, bulky 
correlated:
ample x large .70
bulky x ample .65
bulky x large .75
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what was cattell’s method before reaching 16 factors (7 steps)

A
  1. 18,000 descriptors
  2. stored into 160 clusters of synonyms
  3. discarding near-identical descriptors
  4. final 171 descriptor list
  5. 100 participants rate 1-2 friends on the 171 descriptors
  6. factor analysis
  7. 16 personality factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what were the three problems with cattell’s 16 traits?

A
  1. subjectivity
  2. poor replicability/reproducibility = using cattell’s 171 personality descriptors, many people failed to obtain his same 16 factors
  3. redundancy = correlations among 16 factors were very high = they aren’t distinct!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

following many factor analysis repetitions, what consistencies of cattell’s 16 traits emerged? (3)

A
  • most replicable factor structures suggested 3-6 traits
  • very similar traits appear in this taxonomies
  • 5 factor model = interface best with the various solutions

= empirically derived (initially had no names)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the big 5

A

OCEAN

  1. openness/intellect = curious
  2. consientiousness = hard working
  3. extraversion = enthusiastic
  4. agreeableness = warm
  5. neuroticism = volatile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what was eysneck’s alternative model of the big 5 (only 3)

A
  1. extraversion
  2. agreeableness and consientiousness = low psychoticism
  3. neuroticism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what was tellegen’s alternative model of the big five

A
  1. extraversion = positive emotion/agency
  2. agreeableness= positive emotion, affiliation
  3. consientiousness = constraint/self control
  4. negative emotionality
  5. absorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What was hogan’s alternative model of the big five

A
  1. extraversion = sociability
  2. agreeableness = likability
  3. consientiousness = prudence
  4. neuroticism = adjustment
  5. openness = intelligence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the hierarchal structure of traits?

describe each (6)

A

nuances -> facets -> aspects -> domains -> meta-traits

  1. e.g. liking parties
  2. energy levels, positive emotions
  3. assertiveness, enthusiasm
  4. neuroticism, agreeableness
  5. stability plasticity
lower = very precise 
higher = very broad
17
Q

what are the big five aspects scales?
trait domains + aspects
(type of questionnaire)

A
  1. O = openess, intellect
  2. C = orderliness, industriousness
  3. E = assertiveness, enthusiasm
  4. A = compassion, politeness
  5. N = withdrawal, volatility
18
Q

What are the big five inventory V.2?
traits domains + facets
(type of questionnaire)

A
  1. O = intellectual capacity, aesthetic sensitivity
  2. C = organisation, productiveness, responsibility
  3. E = sociability, assertiveness, activity level
  4. A = compassion, trust, respectfulness
  5. N = anxiety, depression, emotional, volatility
19
Q

can you score highly on neuroticism and extraversion on the big five?

A

yes, traits are independent

20
Q

Are the big 5 self report measures scientific?
1. reliable?
2. valid?
+ what is the general model of reliability? & what does a reliable measure have less of?

A
  1. do they perform consistently, relatively free from error
  2. do trait questionnaires measure what they intend

observed score = true score + measurement error
-> less measurement error = a reliable measure

21
Q

How do we estimate reliability (5)

A
  1. test-retest reliability = correlation between T1 and T2 & temporal stability
  2. rationale = a reliable measure is a repeatable measure -> you should be able to verify the score
  3. caveat = not applicable to all psychological phenomena
    e. g. state vs traits
  4. split-half reliability = correlation between score from one half of the scale and another half & internal consistency
  5. cronbach’s alpha = average of all possible split halves, internal consistency, mode widely reported measure of reliability, scales with a alpha
22
Q

3 types of validity + how useful

A
  1. face validity = does the questionnaire appear valid “at face value” (not very useful)
  2. content validity = is the relevant content sampled among the items? (someone with expertise determines “expert judges”)
  3. criterion-related validity = does the measure show sensible correlations with other measures -> to show the measure related to relevant material in a sensible way
23
Q

name 2 criterion-related validity & what they are

A
  1. concurrent validity:
    convergent = does it correlate significantly with related measures
    divergent = does it show weak or 0 correlations with unrelated measures
  2. predictive validity:
    does it predict expected outcomes or behaviours? (e.g. does a measure of extraversion predict high levels of socialisation)
24
Q

Validity: important caveat (warning)

  • > what validity couldn’t initially be assessed and why
  • > what kind of validity is there a stronger emphasis on?

what about the new big five measures?

A

the big five were empirically derived

  • > initially cannot assess content, convergent and discriminant validity
  • > stronger emphasis on predictive validity

HOWEVER = new = all validity can be assessed

25
Q

What is the limit of traits to define personality?

A
  • traits are generic descriptors and relatively decontextualised
  • much of our personality is contextualised
26
Q

what kind of constructs exist that cannot be considered to be traits?

A

time - stage of life (toddler vs adult)

place - specific situation (at work, with friends)

role= function or duty (mother, buddhist)

27
Q

what are the variables (characteristic adaptations) denoted by mcadams and pals that are contextualised to time, place or social role called?
some examples

A

personal concerns

motives, goals, plans, habits, values, schemas, self-images

28
Q

what is another conceptualisation (characteristic adaptations) other than traits posed by deyoung?

A
  1. goals - desired future states/aspirations
  2. interpretations - appraised current states (perceived statistical ability)
  3. strategies - plans and actions to move between states (study routine, degree choice)
29
Q

examples of characteristic adaptations vs traits

A
  1. T= being adventurous
    CA= spending years training to climb mount everest
  2. T= being honest
    CA = viewing honesty as one’s greatest virtue
30
Q

What is the richest level of personality description?
what does it mean/do?
(Mcadams)

A

life narratives

narrative identity = the internal, dynamic life story

shapes unity + purpose of the self

seen in personology and psychotherapy

31
Q

what does the interview of life narratives focus on?

Mcadams

A
  • 8 key events (high, low point, important adolescent memory)
  • significant people
  • the future script (future aims)
  • stresses and problems
  • personal ideology (beliefs)
  • life theme
32
Q

Whats the content analyses of narratives? (3)

Mcadams

A
  1. emotional tones
    positive/optimist, negative/pessimistic
  2. themes
    defining concerns, typically about goals. Also meaning making - lessons and insights
  3. form/structure
    stability vs change, slow vs rapid progress

= what the narrator focuses on

33
Q

what are three common narrative elements

A
  1. prominent themes
    - agency (self-direction) and communion (interpersonal connection)
  2. redemption sequences
    - worse -> better (circumstances/transformations)
  3. growth story
    - personal development
34
Q

3 levels of personality descriptions (from most to least rich)

A
  1. life narratives ->personal story)
  2. characteristic adaptations (aka personal concerns) -> goals, interpretations and strategies
  3. dispositional traits -> broad patterns of behaviour
35
Q

strengths of the 3 levels of personality descriptions
1. life narratives

  1. characteristic adaptations
  2. dispositional traits
A
  1. highest resolution description
  2. captures individual circumstances
  3. universal structure
36
Q

limitations of the 3 levels of personality descriptions
1. life narratives

  1. characteristic adaptations
  2. dispositional traits
A
  1. idiographic, no predictive value
  2. unclear scope/structure
  3. lowest resolution description

PSYC20009 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions