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Kinesiology Exam One > Lecture 2: Joints and Muscles > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Joints and Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 factors that affect stability and mobility?

A
  1. Shape of the articular surfaces (ex. hip is completely enclosed in hip socket so it is more stable than the shoulder)
  2. Ligaments (knee is stable bc of multiple ligaments)
  3. Muscles (involvement in stabilizing joint)
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2
Q

T/F: As stability of a joint increases, mobility also increases

A

Fale: as stability increases, mobility decreases and vice versa

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3
Q

Joint in which there is not a separation between the bones. Bones are united by dense fibrous tissue or cartilage

  1. Synarthrodial joints
  2. Diarthrodial Joints
A
  1. Synarthrodial joints

Ex. Suture joints of the skull: no separation b/w bones (dense fibrous tissue)
Ex. Pubic symphysis; unites two bony segments (cartilage)

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4
Q

Joints in which the ends of the bony components are free to move in relation to one another; also known as synovial joint

  1. Synarthrodial
  2. Diarthrodial
A
  1. Diarthrodial

All diarthrodial joints have 3 features

  • a ligamentous capsule that encloses the joint
  • the joint capsule forms a joint cavity
  • synovial fluid fills the joint cavity
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5
Q

Diarthrodial joints are classified according to __________?

A

degrees of movement (how many planes of motion there are)

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6
Q

Name the type of joint:

The joint surfaces are irregularly shaped, usually flat or slightly curved; only movement permitted is of gliding nature

A

Irregular, Gliding, Plane, or Non-axial

ex. carpal bones of hand, tarsal bones of feet

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7
Q

Name the type of joint:

motion of the bony components is allowed in only one of the planes of the body around a single axis

A

Uniaxial joint

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8
Q

How many degrees of freedom does a uniaxial joint have?

A

One degree of freedom

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9
Q

A hinge joint and a pivot screw are what type of joints? How many degrees of freedom do they have?

A

Uniaxial joints with 1 degree of freedom
Hinge joint = humeroulnar joint
Pivot screw = atlantoaxial joint

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10
Q

Name the type of joint:

allows movement in two planes

A

biaxial joint

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11
Q

How many degrees of freedom does a biaxial joint have?

A

2 degrees of freedom

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12
Q

Condyloid joints and saddle joints are what type of joints? How many degrees of freedom do they have?

A

Biaxial with two degrees of freedom

condyloid = wrist joint (radial and ulnar deviation)
saddle = carpal metacarpal joint of the thumb
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13
Q

Name the type of joint:

Spherical head of bone fits into cup or saucer-like cavity of the other bone

A

Triaxial joints

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14
Q

How many degrees of freedom do triaxial joints have?

A

3 degrees of freedom

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15
Q

T/F: Muscles contribute to stability and mobility

A

true

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16
Q

Muscles ability to develop tension. Can shorter beyond resting length by pulling from both ends toward center

A

contractility

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17
Q

ability to muscle respond to stimuli (chemical, electrical, or mechanical)

A

irritability

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18
Q

ability of muscle to be stretch and recoil or return to normal resting length

A

elasticity and extensibility

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19
Q

functional unit of the muscle

A

motor unit

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20
Q

The structure of the motor unit consists of the nerve called ______________, its axon, and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

A

alpha motor neuron

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21
Q

T/F: structural variations (muscle fiber length, fiber arrangement, and number of muscle fibers) affect not only the overall shape and size of the muscle but also the function of the various muscles

A

true

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22
Q

T/F: Parallel muscle fiber arrangement provides a large ROM

A

true

23
Q

T/F: Penniform (oblique to muscles long axis) muscle fiber arrangement provides great strength and ROM

A

Fale - it provides great strength but a decreased ROM

24
Q

Basic structural component of the musculoskeletal system, connects it all together: tendons, ligaments, joint capsules, discs, menisci, muscle sheaths, etc.

A

Connective Tissue

25
Q

Ability of muscle to resist shear (sideways movement)

A

viscosity

26
Q

Ability of muscle to return to original shape after deformation or stretch

A

elasticity

27
Q

links muscle to bone

A

tendon

28
Q

links bone to bone

A

ligament

29
Q

What are the two main types of cartilage?

A

fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage

30
Q

T/F: There is no blood supply to cartilage

A

true

31
Q

Two roles in which muscle may act

A

develop tension and relax

32
Q

Muscle whose role is to produce desired motion at a joint

A

agonist or prime mover

33
Q

Muscle that is directly opposite to desired motion

A

Antagonist

34
Q

T/F: co-contraction occurs when agonist and antagonist contract at the same time

A

true

35
Q

Muscles that help perform desired action

A

synergist

- can act directly to help desired action or can act to stabilize a joint so that agonist can develop maximal power

36
Q

What are the two main types of muscle contractions?

A

Isometric and Isotonic

37
Q

Contraction of a muscle without movement of the bones it is attached to

A

isometric

38
Q

Contraction of a muscle with movement against a constant and equal resistance throughout the motion

A

Isotonic

39
Q

Type of isotonic contraction where contraction of the muscle results in shortening; positive work done

A

Concentric

40
Q

Type of isotonic contraction where contraction of muscle results during its lengthening; negative work is done; acts as a brake

A

Eccentric

41
Q

When a muscle is too short to work effectively

A

Active Insufficiency:
occurs when two joint muscle contracts across two joints at the same time
ex. position of hip flexion and knee extension creates active insufficiency of the quads

42
Q

When muscle is too stretched to contract effectively

A

Passive insufficiency:
muscle maximally elongated over 2 or more joints
ex. hip extension and knee flexion creates passive insufficiency of rectus femoris

43
Q

non-axial gliding joint examples

A

carpals, tarsals, sternoclavicular

44
Q

uniaxial hinge joint example

A

humeroulnar joint

45
Q

uniaxial hinge joint motion

A

flexion/extension

46
Q

uniaxial pivot screw examples

A

atlantoaxial joint, proximal radioulnar joint

47
Q

uniaxial pivot screw movement

A

rotation (pronation, supination)

48
Q

biaxial condyloid joint examples

A

metacarpal joints, wrist joint

49
Q

biaxial condyloid joint movement

A

flexion/extension; abduction/adduction

50
Q

biaxial saddle joint example

A

carpal metacarpal joint of them - that’s the only one!

51
Q

biaxial saddle joint movement

A

flexion/extension; abduction/adduction

52
Q

triaxial joints

A

permit movement in 3 planes, around 3 axes, so 3 degrees of freedom

53
Q

triaxial joint examples

A

hip, shoulder

Kinesiology Exam One (9 decks)

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