LECTURE 2: joing structure and muscle function

Question 1

what states bones will adapt based on stress or demands placed on them

Answer 1

wolff’s law

Question 2

T/F: Tissue properties and joint shapes will change as a result of the demands imposed on them

Answer 2

T

Question 3

what Joined together by fibrous interosseous connect tissue

Answer 3

fibrous joints

Question 4

what are synarthrosis joints

Answer 4

little to no movement allowed

Question 5

what type of movement joints are fibrous joints

Answer 5

synarthrosis synarthrosis

Question 6

what is a suture joint

Answer 6

bone edges interlock one another

Question 7

what is a gomphosis joint

Answer 7

peg in a hole joint (teeth)

Question 8

what is a syndesmosis joint

Answer 8

joined by interosseous ligament

Question 9

what are suture , gomphosis and syndesmosis joints examples of

Answer 9

fibrous joints

Question 10

what is an example of a syndesmosis joint

Answer 10

radius and ulna
tibia and fibula

Question 11

what joints are Connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

Answer 11

cartilaginous joints

Question 12

what type of movement joints are cartilaginous joints

Answer 12

amphiarthrosis

Question 13

what type of movement is a amphiarthrosis joint

Answer 13

allow for some movement

Question 14

what is Directly joined by fibrocartilage (discs or pads) and covered with hyaline cartilage

Answer 14

symphysis

Question 15

what is examples of symphysis

Answer 15

intervertebral joints and symphysis pubic

Question 16

what is synchondrosis connected by

Answer 16

hyaline cartilage

Question 17

what is examples of synchondrosis in the body

Answer 17

first 7 ribs to the sternum
epiphyseal growth plates near ends of long bones

Question 18

what joint has No connective tissue and directly unites
bony surfaces

Answer 18

synovial joints

Question 19

what type of joints movement is synovial joints

Answer 19

diarthrosis

Question 20

what type of movement is diarthrosis

Answer 20

free to move (elbow and knees joints)

Question 21

what stabilizes the synovial joints

Answer 21

capsules , passive (ligaments) and active (muscles ) structures

Question 22

what does the inner synovial layer provide

Answer 22

lubrication, vascularization,
and nutrition to cartilage

Question 23

what is Dense irregular connective tissue with varying thickness

Answer 23

outer fibrous layer of the joint capsule

Question 24

what does the outer fibrous later of the joint capsule have

Answer 24

Poor vascularity, good innervation

Question 25

what joint receptor has sensitivity to stretch

Answer 25

ruffini

Question 26

what joint receptor has sensitivity to compression or changes in swelling

Answer 26

pacini

Question 27

what joint receptor has sensitivity to pressure and forceful joint motion into extremes of motion

Answer 27

golgi

Question 28

what joint receptor has sensitivity to stress

Answer 28

unmyelinated free nerve ending

Question 29

what covers inner synovial membrane, keeps joint surfaces lubricated to reduce friction

Answer 29

synovial fluid

Question 30

what is viscosity of fluid and essential for lubrication; synovial folds

Answer 30

hyaluronate

Question 31

what is cartilage to cartilage lubrication within the synovial fluid

Answer 31

lubricin

Question 32

what Align joint surfaces, guide or restrain motion

Answer 32

ligaments

Question 33

what in the body helps Improve joint congruence, absorb compressive joint forces, and increase joint stability

Answer 33

menisci , labrum’s and disc

Question 34

what Transmit forces developed by muscles for motion, and act as a active joint stabilization

Answer 34

tendons

Question 35

what are examples of uniaxial joints

Answer 35

hinge joints and pivot joint

Question 36

example of hinge joint

Answer 36

humeroulna

Question 37

example of pivot joint

Answer 37

proximal radioulnar joint

Question 38

what type of joint is a condyloiod joint

Answer 38

biaxial

Question 39

what type of joint is a saddle joint

Answer 39

biaxial

Question 40

example of saddle joint

Answer 40

first carpometacarpal joint

Question 41

example of condyliod joint

Answer 41

radiocarpal joint

Question 42

what are examples of triaxial joint

Answer 42

plane joint and ball and socket joint

Question 43

example of plane joint

Answer 43

intercarpal joint

Question 44

example of ball and socket joint

Answer 44

hip joint

Question 45

define Arthrokinematics

Answer 45

movement of the joint surfaces

Question 46

what is movement of bones for physiologic joint motion

Answer 46

osteokinematics

Question 47

what happens if a convex bones moves on a concave

Answer 47

roll and glide in opposite directions

Question 48

if the femur moves on the tibia what happens

Answer 48

the femus will roll posterior and glide anterior

Question 49

if the tibia moves on the femur what will happen

Answer 49

the tibia will roll and glider anterior when going into extension

Question 50

if a concave bone moves on a convex bone what will happen

Answer 50

roll and glide in the same direction

Question 51

what is the difference between the surfaces of closed and loose packed

Answer 51

full congruence on closed incongruent on loose

Question 52

what ROM is closed pack and loose packed

Answer 52

CP- extreme ROM LP- mid position ROM

Question 53

how are the capsules and ligaments in closed and loose pack

Answer 53

CP- tight LP- lax

Question 54

is there distraction avavible in closed packed

Answer 54

no

Question 55

is there distraction aviable for loose packed

Answer 55

yes

Question 56

what movement is at close packed

Answer 56

no movement

Question 57

what movement is at loose packed

Answer 57

allow for spin, roll, glide

Question 58

what end fell is limited by approximation of soft-tissues

Answer 58

soft end feel

Question 59

what end feel is x limited by capsuloligamentous structure

Answer 59

fire end feel

Question 60

what end feel is limited by bone

Answer 60

hard end feel

Question 61

what type of collagen makes up the most in the body

Answer 61

type 1

Question 62

what are ligaments

Answer 62

connecting bone to bone

Question 63

what are tendons

Answer 63

connects muscle to bone

Question 64

what type of collagen is ligaments and tendons

Answer 64

type 1

Question 65

what type of collagen is hyaline cartilage

Answer 65

type 2

Question 66

where is hyaline cartilage found

Answer 66

joint surfaces to resist compressive forced

Question 67

what type of collagen is fibrocatitlage

Answer 67

mostly type 1

Question 68

what is the function of fibrocartilage

Answer 68

resists compressive and tensile forces

Question 69

what type of collagen is in bone

Answer 69

type 1

Question 70

what is the inner layer of bone that responds to stresses placed on bone

Answer 70

cancellous (spongy)

Question 71

what is the outer layer of the bone

Answer 71

cortical (compact)

Question 72

what is the fibrous membrane that covers the bone surface

Answer 72

periosteum

Question 73

what stiffness is little deformation before failure

Answer 73

brittle

Question 74

what stiffness is great deformation before failure

Answer 74

ductile

Question 75

in the plastic region of the stress strain curve what happens

Answer 75

grade 1 and 2 ligament sprains

Question 76

in the stress strain curve what happens in the macro failure

Answer 76

ligament rupture or avulsion

Question 77

define elasticity

Answer 77

Ability to return to original length/shape

Question 78

define viscosity

Answer 78

resistance to flow

Question 79

what is it called when tissue deformation gradually continues if force is maintained

Answer 79

creep

Question 80

is stability the greatest in closed packed or loose packed position

Answer 80

in closed packed position

Question 81

when is muscle demand greater to achieve stability

Answer 81

loose packed

Question 82

what is essential for muscle contraction to occur

Answer 82

actin and myosin

Question 83

what maintains position of myosin during muscle contraction

Answer 83

titin ( structural protein)

Question 84

what type fibers are type 1

Answer 84

for stability , postural, tonic don’t fatigue fast

Question 85

what type of fibers are type 2

Answer 85

mobile and phasic produce more force and higher power output hamstrings and gastroc

Question 86

what is the Prime Mover

Answer 86

agonist

Question 87

what is a synergist

Answer 87

the muscle that helps agonists

Question 88

what is the antagonist

Answer 88

opposite action of agonist

Question 89

what is a load (force) per unit area that develops on a plan surface within a structure in response to externally applied forces

Answer 89

stress

Question 90

what is the deformation in response to an externally applied load

Answer 90

strain

Question 91

what type of stress is it if 2 applied forces act on a material along the same line but in opposite directions

Answer 91

tensile

Question 92

if 2 applied forces act in a line toward each other they constitute what stress

Answer 92

compressive

Question 93

if 2 applied forces are parallel and are applied in opposite fictions but are not in line with one another they constitute in waht stress

Answer 93

shear

Question 94

forces applied perpendicular to the long axis of a stricter constituent what load/stress

Answer 94

torsional

Question 95

what region does the tendon return to OH shape and size after being deformed

Answer 95

elastic region

Question 96

at what point is there no return for the tendon

Answer 96

yield

Question 97

during the plastic region what happens

Answer 97

residual deformation will be permanent

Question 98

what happens during the toe region

Answer 98

laxity in tissue straightens

Question 99

what are the 2 compartments of the extracellular matrix

Answer 99

fibrillar and interfibrillar

Question 100

what does the interfibrillar compartment do

Answer 100

attract water to increase rigidity to withstand compressive forces

Question 101

where are proteoglycans and glucosaminoglycans found

Answer 101

interfibrillar compartment

Question 102

which compartment in the extracelllar matrix can elastin deform and return to the OG state (ligamentum nuchae)

Answer 102

fibrillar compartment

Question 103

what can fail by a single load that exceeds ultimate strength or can fail after repeated applications of a lower load

Answer 103

bone

Question 104

what is the effect of exercise on ligaments

Answer 104

may speed up recovery

Question 105

what are the effects of exercise on tendons

Answer 105

adaptions shown with progressive tensile loading, strength training

Question 106

muscles with larger cross sections will produce more _____

Answer 106

tension

Question 107

what is the cross bridge interacting

Answer 107

AP release calcium ions which cause troponin to reposition so that receptor sites on the actin are free and the myosin can bind a actin

Question 108

what is decreased force capability due to shortened stare of agonist; influenced by lengthening state of antagonist

Answer 108

active insufficiency