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PID > Lecture 2: Immunology 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Immunology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunology?

A
  • the study of molecular and cellular basis of the normal host response to infectious agents and tumors
  • the study of abnormal, misdirected, or breakdown in effectiveness of the immune system
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2
Q

what can cause the host immune system to break down?

A

a variety of things

  • bacteria
  • toxins
  • pollen
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3
Q

T/F all responses will be the same

A

false

not all responses will be the same (different markers on pathogens)

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4
Q

what is the innate response?

A

the initial response to the antigen

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5
Q

What are the 3 primary goals of the immune system?

A
  • respond to pathogens and to survive
  • remember previous exposure to specific pathogens
  • return system to homeostasis
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6
Q

what is the humoral response?

A

the adaptive immune responses. contains the factors that work together to defeat the antigen

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7
Q

what is humor?

A

old fashioned word for all bodily fluid

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8
Q

what is the cell-mediated response?

A

cells killing off other cells

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9
Q

overview of the immune system

A
  • barriers
  • the cells and tissues
  • innate response
  • acquired (adaptive) response
  • -> humoral response
  • -> cell-mediated response
  • responses to classes of pathogens
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10
Q

Physical and chemical barriers of the immune system

A
  • mucosa
  • skin
  • body temperature
  • GI tract
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11
Q

how is the body’s mucosa a barrier?

A

secretions (mucus, tears, saliva) contain antimicrobial substances (defensins, lysozymes, lactoferrin, IgA, lactic acid)

cilia in the respiratory system moves secretions in the lungs upwards

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12
Q

how is the skin a barrier for the immune system

A
  • fatty acids in sebaceous secretions, lactic acid in perspiration, low pH, dry environment, keratinized cells
  • most bacteria can’t survive on our salty skin, so if an enveloped virus lands on our skin it will likely die (unless its near a cut)
  • -> exception: staph loves salt, so we all have it on our skin
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13
Q

how does body temperature affect our immune response?

A

fever limits/prevents growth of many microbes, immune response is more efficient at elevated temperatures

many pathogens can’t survive at high temperatures. that’s one reason that you run a fever when you’re ill

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14
Q

how does the GI tract serve as a barrier for our immune response?

A

stomach acid, intestinal bile, normal flora, urinary pH, and flow prevent growth and colonization of foreign bacteria

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15
Q

cellular barriers in skin

A

the upper layer of skin (keratinocytes, mucosal epithelial cells)

within the layers, DCs known as Langerhaans Cells detect and pick up particles that pass the skin barrier, and take it to the lymph node to inform the rest of the body that something has invaded.

intraepithelial lymphocytes produce cytokines, and are cytotoxic

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16
Q

barriers within the host

A

lymph nodes

  • filter lymph system for pathogens
  • DCs take anything that gets in to the lymph nodes for presentation

respiratory system
- ciliated cells and mucus clear inhaled antigens

skin
- barrier against pathogen entry

WBCs
- circulate and recognize/kill pathogens in blood and tissues

Spleen
- filters blood for pathogens

GI tract
- acid and bile kill pathogens, MALT

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17
Q

Innate immunity = ____ response

adaptive immunity = ____ response

A

rapid

slow

18
Q

T/F

innate cells are ALL needed to help the immune system perform at optimum levels

A

true

19
Q

Is a basophil involved in innate or acquired immunity or both?

A

innate

20
Q

Is a eosinophil involved in innate or acquired immunity or both?

A

innate

21
Q

Is a neutrophil involved in innate or acquired immunity or both?

A

innate

22
Q

Is a macrophage involved in innate or acquired immunity or both?

A

both

23
Q

Is a dendritic cell involved in innate or acquired immunity or both?

A

both

24
Q

Is a B lymphocyte involved in innate or acquired immunity or both?

A

acquired

25
Q

Is a T lymphocyte involved in innate or acquired immunity or both?

A

acquired

26
Q

Is a natural killer cell involved in innate or acquired immunity or both?

A

innate

27
Q

basophils, eosinophils, and granulocytes are heavily involved in the ____ response, as well as your hypersensitivity/allergic response

A

innate

28
Q

where do B lymphocytes develop?

A

in the bone

29
Q

where do T lymphocytes develop?

A

in the thymus

30
Q

where do natural killer cells develop?

A

in the bone

31
Q

T cell functions

A
  • key regulators
  • stimulate T and B cell growth and differentiation
  • produce cytokines
  • kill cells
  • sometimes suppress immune response
32
Q

B cell functions

A

produce antibodies

33
Q

Natural killer cell funtions

A
  • kill Ab-decorated, virus-infected, and tumor cells

“recognize that this is not ‘self’ and will kill them”

34
Q

antigen presenting cell (APC) function

A

present Ag to T cells

35
Q

phagocyte function

A
  • phagocytose and kill bacteria
  • produce cytokines
  • -> macrophages, DCs, neutrophils, eosinophils, microglia, Kupffer cells
36
Q

eosinophil properties

A
  • phagocytic and motile
  • defense against parasites
  • granules contain acid phosphatase, peroxidase, RNase, DNase, lipase, plasminogen, major basic protein
  • allergic/parasite response
37
Q

neutrophil characteristics

A
  • 50-70% of circulating WBCs
  • primary phagocytic defense against bacteria
  • ingest and degrade bacteria
  • Granules contain myeloperoxidase, beta-glucuronidase, elastase, cathepsin G
  • Inflammatory response
38
Q

duties of neutrophils

A
  • they eat things (primary job)
  • they die
  • they are there to help clean up the mess afterwards
39
Q

duties of eosinophils

A
  • do eat things
  • not one of the primary phagocytic cells
  • primarily involved in allergic response (and parasites)
40
Q

duties of basophils

A
  • don’t eat things

- release histamines

41
Q

basophil/Mast Cell characteristics

A
  • not phagocytic

- release histamine and heparin during allergic response

PID (10 decks)

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