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Endo/Repro I Exam 1 > Lecture 2: Histology of the Endocrine Glands > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Histology of the Endocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What is produced by the thyroid gland?

A

T3: more potent, shorter half-life, less abundant

T4: less potent, longer half-life, more abundant

Calcitonin

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2
Q

What is the functional and structural unit of the thyroid gland; what is its structure?

A
  • Thyroid follicle
  • Single layer of follicular cells (simple cuboidal (inactive) to columnar (active) epithelium) surrounding a fluid called colloid
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3
Q

What is found within the colloid and what is its function?

A
  • Thyroglobulin
  • Storage form of T3 and T4
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4
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Follicle of the Thyroid Gland

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5
Q

What is the arrow pointing to; found where; produces?

A
  • Parafollicular or ā€˜Cā€™ cells
  • Isolated clusters between follicles or within follicular epithelium
  • Produce Calcitonin
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6
Q

Label A-C

A
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7
Q

Label the arrows from top to bottom!

A

Top: parathyroid gland

Middle: capsule

Bottom: thyroid gland

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8
Q

What are the two cell populations of the Parathyroid gland; function of each?

A

1) Chief (principle) Cells - secrete PTH
2) Oxyphil (acidophilic) Cells - function unknown

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9
Q

Label the 2 cells types A and B

A

A) Chief cells

B) Oxyphil glands - look more fluffy

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10
Q

Label the cell types A and B

A

A) Chief cells

B) Oxyphil cells

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11
Q

Why is the hypothalamus called the ā€œmaster gland,ā€ and what is its function?

A
  • Connects nervous and endocrine systems
  • Role in autonomic, endocrine, and limbic systems
  • Helps maintain homeostasis
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12
Q

How is the Pituitary gland (hypophysis) connected to the hypothalamus?

A

By a thin stalk of tissue called the Infundibulum

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13
Q

What are the functional division of the anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)?

A
  • Pars distalis
  • Pars tuberalis
  • Par intermedia
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14
Q

What are the functional divisions of the Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)?

A
  • Pars nervosa
  • Infundibular stalk (neural stalk)
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15
Q

Where does the adenohypophysis arise from; constitutes how much of the pituitary and is controlled by?

A
  • Oral ectoderm
  • 80% of the pituitary
  • Neurohormones
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16
Q

Where does the neurohypophysis arise from; controlled by; function?

A
  • Neural ectoderm
  • Controlled by neurons
  • Axons from hypothalamus carry ADH and oxytocin here for storage
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17
Q

What are the components of the Pars distalis?

A
  • Glandular epithelial cells arranged in thick cords
  • Connective tissue stroma
  • Fenestrated capillaries (sinusoids): part of the secondary capillary plexus
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18
Q

What hormones are secreted by the Pars Distalis?

A
  • FSH
  • LH
  • ACTH
  • TSH
  • Prolactin
  • GH
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19
Q

What are the 2 cells classifications of the the Pars Distalis?

A

1) Chromophils (granules readily take up H/E stain - blue/pink)
2) Chromophobes (less affinitiy for stains)

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20
Q

What are the 2 categories of chromophils?

A

1) Acidophils = pink stain
2) Basophils = purple stain

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21
Q

Label the arrows from left to right?

A

Left: Basophil

Right: Acidophil

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22
Q

What are the major Acidophil cell types of the Pars Distalis; what does each secrete?

A
  • Somatotrophs: GH
  • Mammotrophs: Prolactin
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23
Q

What are the major Basophil cell types of the Pars Distalis; what does each secrete?

A
  • Thyrotrophs: TSH
  • Gonadotrophs: FSH and LH
  • Corticotrophs: ACTH
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24
Q

What is labeled by the arrows A and B?

A

A) Acidophils

B) Basophils

*Both of the Pars Distalis (Pars Anterior)

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25
Q

What do Chromophobes produce?

A
  • Do NOT produce hormones, function unknown
  • Only their nuclei are visible; stain poorly
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26
Q

Where is the Pars intermedia located; function; what is frequently found here?

A
  • Between pars distalis and pars nerosa
  • Function unknown
  • Frequently has a clef (remnant of Rathkeā€™s pouch)
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27
Q

What are the 2 parts of the Infundibulum?

A

1) Neural portion (infundibular stem/stalk)
2) Surrounding pars tuberalis

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28
Q

The neural portion of the infundibulum is found in what part of the pituitary gland; composed of?

A
  • Part of the neurohypophysis
  • Thin neural stalk connecting the pars nervosa and median eminence of hypothalamus
  • Consists of unmyelinated axons (nerve body in hypothalamus, terminal in pars nervosa)
29
Q

The surrounding pars tuberalis of the Infundibulum is a part of which part of the pituitary gland; function?

A
  • Part of the adenohypophysis
  • Envelopes the infundibular stalk (neural component)
  • Function unknown
30
Q

Label A-D

A

A) Pars distalis (anterior)

B) Pars tuberalis

C) Pars intermedia

D) Pars nervosa

31
Q

The Neurohypophysis is the storage site for what 2 hormones; where do these hormones come from; what nuclei specifically ?

A
  1. ADH
  2. Oxytocin
    - Both hormones produced by neurosecretory neurons within nuclei of the hypothalamus
    - Supraoptic nuceli: ADH

- Paraventricular nuclei: Oxytocin

32
Q

Where are the hormones that are strored within the neurohypophysis secreted from and to?

A

Secreted from the axon terminals located in the neurohypophysis (pars nervosa) into blood

33
Q

What is the Pars nervosa composed of?

A
  • Pituicytes
  • Nerve fibers (unmyelinated axons)
  • Cell bodies in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus
  • Expanded axons terminals (aka Herring Bodies) that store neurosecretions
  • Fenestrated capillaries
34
Q

What are Pituicytes; characteristics?

A
  • Glial-like cells
  • Elongated cells w/ long processes
  • Oval nuclei
  • Appear to support numerous unmyelinated nerve fibers traveling from the hypothalamus
35
Q

What are all the arrows pointing to?

A

Herring Bodies of the Pars Nervosa

36
Q

What is the blood supply to the pituitary?

A

Internal carotid artery

  • Superior hypophyseal arteries: supply median eminence and infundibulum
  • Inferior hypophyseal arteries: supply pars nervosa
37
Q

What is the direct blood supply to the anterior pituitary?

A

There is NO direct blood supply; receives portal branches from the superior hypophyseal

38
Q

Where does the Pineal Gland develop from?

A

Posterior outpocketing of the roof of the diencephalon in midline of 3rd ventricle

39
Q

The pineal gland has a role in what? Regulated by what nerves?

A
  • Role in growth, development, and the regulation of circadian rhythms
  • Regulated by sympathetic nerves
40
Q

The capsule of the pineal gland is dervided from?

A

Pia mater

41
Q

What does the Pineal Gland consist of?

A
  • Pinealocytes
  • Neuroglial cells
  • Calcified granular material (brain sand)
42
Q

What do Pinealocytes manufacture?

A

Melatonin and Serotonin

43
Q

What do the pinealocytes secrete that makes brain sand?

A

A matrix where calcium phopshate crystals deposit

44
Q

What is a calcified pineal gland an important marker for?

A

Radiological marker of the midline of the brain

45
Q

The endocrine pancreas cells are organized into clusters called?

A

Islet of Langerhans

46
Q

What are the lighter staining cells here?

A
  • Islets of Langerhans of the endocrine pancreas
47
Q

What are the 4 cells types of the endocrine pancreas; which are found in the core and the mantle?

A

Core: Beta cells

Mantle: Alpha, Delta, and F cells

48
Q

What is produced by A, B, D, and F cells of the endocrine pancreas?

A

A cells: Glucagon

B cells: Insulin

D: Somatostain and Gastrin

F: Pancreatic Polypeptide

49
Q

What is the most numerous cell in the Islet of Langerhans?

A
  • Beta cells
  • Secrete insulin in response to high blood levels of glucose

*Picture shows stain for insulin*

50
Q

What does somatostatin released from D cells do?

A

Inhibits the release of other Islet Cell Hormones (Insulin and Glucagon)

51
Q

What does Pancreatic Polypeptide released from F cells do?

A

Inhibits the secretion of Somatostatin

52
Q

What is the arrow on the left and right pointing to?

A

Left: Acinar Cells

Right: Islet of Langerhans

53
Q

What is stained here; how do you know?

A
  • Alpha cells
  • Majority of Cells in the Mantle
  • Stained for Glucagon
54
Q

How are the Islets of Langerhans supplied vs. the Pancreatic Acini?

A

1) Islets of Langerhans supplied by afferent arterioles, forming a network of capillaries lined by fenestrated endothelial cells. Network called the insuloacinar portal system
2) Independent arterial system, the acinar vascular system, supplies the pancreatic acini

55
Q

The suprarenal gland is organized into what layers?

A
  • Capsule (connective tissue)
  • Cortex (3 layers): Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasciculata, Zona Reticularis
  • Medulla
56
Q

Label the arrows from top to bottom

A
57
Q

What does the cortex of the suprarenal do; what is the function of each division?

A
  • Synthesizes and secretes, but does NOT store steroid hormones

Zona Glomerulosa: produces Mineralo-corticoids (Aldosterone)

Zona Fasiculata: produces Glococorticoids (Cortisol, Corticosterone)

Zona Reticularis: produces Androgens (DHEA and Androstenedione)

58
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Glomerulus of the Zona Glomerulosa

59
Q

What are the arrows pointing to?

A

Left: Lipid Droplets

Right: Spongiocytes

*Both of the Zona Fasiculata

60
Q

What are the arrows pointing to; which layer is this?

A

Top: Cells

Bottom: Lipofuscin Granules (distinguishing feature)

Zona Reticularis

61
Q

What layer is this; how do you know?

A
  • Zona Fasiculata
  • Spongiocytes w/ fenestrated capillaries separating adjacent cords
62
Q

What are the 2 cell types of the suprarenal medulla?

A

1) Chromaffin Cells - Epinephrine
2) Chromaffin Cells - Norepinephrine

*Both are modified Postsynaptic Sympathetic Cells

63
Q

Label A and B

A
64
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Chromaffin Cells

65
Q

How to distinguish the Epinephrine secreting from the noepinephrine secreting Chromaffin cells?

A

Epinephrine: smaller and granules are lighter

Norepinephrine: larger and granules are darker

66
Q

Label the top and bottom arrows?

A

Top: Norepinephrine secreting Chromaffin cell

Bottom: Epinephrine secreting Chromaffin cell

67
Q

What forms the capsular plexus of the suprarenal gland; what 2 things does the capsular plexus form and where?

A
  • Blood from the Superior, Middle and Inferior Suprarenal arteries
  • Forms the Subcapsular plexus in the Zona Glomerulosa of the the cortex
  • Produces the Medullary artieries (Long Cortical arteries) that bypass the cortex and go directly to the Medulla
68
Q

What does the Subcapsular Plexus produce?

A

Fenestrated Cortical Capillaries (Sinusoids/Short Cortical Capillaries) which pass through the Zona Fasiculata on to the Zona Reticularis

69
Q

What provides the dual blood supply to the medulla?

A

1) Medullary arteries (Long cortical arteries)
2) Fenestrated Cortical Capillaries

Endo/Repro I Exam 1 (12 decks)

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