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Endo/Repro I Exam 1 > Lecture 2: Histology of the Endocrine Glands > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Histology of the Endocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What is produced by the thyroid gland?

A

T3: more potent, shorter half-life, less abundant

T4: less potent, longer half-life, more abundant

Calcitonin

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2
Q

What is the functional and structural unit of the thyroid gland; what is its structure?

A
  • Thyroid follicle
  • Single layer of follicular cells (simple cuboidal (inactive) to columnar (active) epithelium) surrounding a fluid called colloid
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3
Q

What is found within the colloid and what is its function?

A
  • Thyroglobulin
  • Storage form of T3 and T4
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4
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Follicle of the Thyroid Gland

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5
Q

What is the arrow pointing to; found where; produces?

A
  • Parafollicular or ā€˜Cā€™ cells
  • Isolated clusters between follicles or within follicular epithelium
  • Produce Calcitonin
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6
Q

Label A-C

A
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7
Q

Label the arrows from top to bottom!

A

Top: parathyroid gland

Middle: capsule

Bottom: thyroid gland

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8
Q

What are the two cell populations of the Parathyroid gland; function of each?

A

1) Chief (principle) Cells - secrete PTH
2) Oxyphil (acidophilic) Cells - function unknown

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9
Q

Label the 2 cells types A and B

A

A) Chief cells

B) Oxyphil glands - look more fluffy

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10
Q

Label the cell types A and B

A

A) Chief cells

B) Oxyphil cells

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11
Q

Why is the hypothalamus called the ā€œmaster gland,ā€ and what is its function?

A
  • Connects nervous and endocrine systems
  • Role in autonomic, endocrine, and limbic systems
  • Helps maintain homeostasis
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12
Q

How is the Pituitary gland (hypophysis) connected to the hypothalamus?

A

By a thin stalk of tissue called the Infundibulum

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13
Q

What are the functional division of the anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)?

A
  • Pars distalis
  • Pars tuberalis
  • Par intermedia
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14
Q

What are the functional divisions of the Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)?

A
  • Pars nervosa
  • Infundibular stalk (neural stalk)
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15
Q

Where does the adenohypophysis arise from; constitutes how much of the pituitary and is controlled by?

A
  • Oral ectoderm
  • 80% of the pituitary
  • Neurohormones
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16
Q

Where does the neurohypophysis arise from; controlled by; function?

A
  • Neural ectoderm
  • Controlled by neurons
  • Axons from hypothalamus carry ADH and oxytocin here for storage
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17
Q

What are the components of the Pars distalis?

A
  • Glandular epithelial cells arranged in thick cords
  • Connective tissue stroma
  • Fenestrated capillaries (sinusoids): part of the secondary capillary plexus
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18
Q

What hormones are secreted by the Pars Distalis?

A
  • FSH
  • LH
  • ACTH
  • TSH
  • Prolactin
  • GH
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19
Q

What are the 2 cells classifications of the the Pars Distalis?

A

1) Chromophils (granules readily take up H/E stain - blue/pink)
2) Chromophobes (less affinitiy for stains)

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20
Q

What are the 2 categories of chromophils?

A

1) Acidophils = pink stain
2) Basophils = purple stain

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21
Q

Label the arrows from left to right?

A

Left: Basophil

Right: Acidophil

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22
Q

What are the major Acidophil cell types of the Pars Distalis; what does each secrete?

A
  • Somatotrophs: GH
  • Mammotrophs: Prolactin
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23
Q

What are the major Basophil cell types of the Pars Distalis; what does each secrete?

A
  • Thyrotrophs: TSH
  • Gonadotrophs: FSH and LH
  • Corticotrophs: ACTH
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24
Q

What is labeled by the arrows A and B?

A

A) Acidophils

B) Basophils

*Both of the Pars Distalis (Pars Anterior)

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25
What do Chromophobes produce?
- Do NOT produce hormones, function unknown - Only their nuclei are visible; stain poorly
26
Where is the Pars intermedia located; function; what is frequently found here?
- Between pars distalis and pars nerosa - Function unknown - Frequently has a **clef (remnant of Rathke's pouch)**
27
What are the 2 parts of the Infundibulum?
1) Neural portion (infundibular stem/stalk) 2) Surrounding pars tuberalis
28
The neural portion of the infundibulum is found in what part of the pituitary gland; composed of?
- Part of the **neurohypophysis** - Thin neural stalk connecting the pars nervosa and median eminence of hypothalamus - Consists of unmyelinated axons (nerve body in hypothalamus, terminal in pars nervosa)
29
The surrounding pars tuberalis of the Infundibulum is a part of which part of the pituitary gland; function?
- Part of the **adenohypophysis** - Envelopes the infundibular stalk (neural component) - Function unknown
30
Label A-D
A) Pars distalis (anterior) B) Pars tuberalis C) Pars intermedia D) Pars nervosa
31
The Neurohypophysis is the storage site for what 2 hormones; where do these hormones come from; what nuclei specifically ?
1. ADH 2. Oxytocin - Both hormones produced by neurosecretory neurons within nuclei of the hypothalamus - **Supraoptic nuceli:** ADH **- Paraventricular nuclei:** Oxytocin
32
Where are the hormones that are strored within the neurohypophysis secreted from and to?
Secreted from the axon terminals located in the neurohypophysis (pars nervosa) into blood
33
What is the Pars nervosa composed of?
- Pituicytes - Nerve fibers (unmyelinated axons) - Cell bodies in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus - Expanded axons terminals (aka **Herring Bodies**) that store neurosecretions - Fenestrated capillaries
34
What are Pituicytes; characteristics?
- Glial-like cells - Elongated cells w/ long processes - Oval nuclei - Appear to **support** numerous unmyelinated nerve fibers traveling from the hypothalamus
35
What are all the arrows pointing to?
Herring Bodies of the Pars Nervosa
36
What is the blood supply to the pituitary?
Internal carotid artery - Superior hypophyseal arteries: supply median eminence and infundibulum - Inferior hypophyseal arteries: supply pars nervosa
37
What is the direct blood supply to the anterior pituitary?
There is NO direct blood supply; receives portal branches from the superior hypophyseal
38
Where does the Pineal Gland develop from?
Posterior outpocketing of the roof of the diencephalon in midline of 3rd ventricle
39
The pineal gland has a role in what? Regulated by what nerves?
- Role in growth, development, and the regulation of circadian rhythms - Regulated by sympathetic nerves
40
The capsule of the pineal gland is dervided from?
Pia mater
41
What does the Pineal Gland consist of?
- Pinealocytes - Neuroglial cells - Calcified granular material (brain sand)
42
What do Pinealocytes manufacture?
Melatonin and Serotonin
43
What do the pinealocytes secrete that makes brain sand?
A matrix where **calcium phopshate** crystals deposit
44
What is a calcified pineal gland an important marker for?
Radiological marker of the midline of the brain
45
The endocrine pancreas cells are organized into clusters called?
Islet of Langerhans
46
What are the lighter staining cells here?
- Islets of Langerhans of the endocrine pancreas
47
What are the 4 cells types of the endocrine pancreas; which are found in the core and the mantle?
Core: Beta cells Mantle: Alpha, Delta, and F cells
48
What is produced by A, B, D, and F cells of the endocrine pancreas?
A cells: Glucagon B cells: Insulin D: Somatostain and Gastrin F: Pancreatic Polypeptide
49
What is the most numerous cell in the Islet of Langerhans?
- Beta cells - Secrete insulin in response to high blood levels of glucose \*Picture shows stain for insulin\*
50
What does somatostatin released from D cells do?
Inhibits the release of other Islet Cell Hormones (Insulin and Glucagon)
51
What does Pancreatic Polypeptide released from F cells do?
Inhibits the secretion of Somatostatin
52
What is the arrow on the left and right pointing to?
Left: Acinar Cells Right: Islet of Langerhans
53
What is stained here; how do you know?
- Alpha cells - Majority of Cells in the Mantle - Stained for Glucagon
54
How are the Islets of Langerhans supplied vs. the Pancreatic Acini?
1) Islets of Langerhans supplied by afferent arterioles, forming a network of capillaries lined by fenestrated endothelial cells. Network called the **insuloacinar portal system** 2) Independent arterial system, the **acinar vascular system,** supplies the pancreatic acini
55
The suprarenal gland is organized into what layers?
- Capsule (connective tissue) - Cortex (3 layers): Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasciculata, Zona Reticularis - Medulla
56
Label the arrows from top to bottom
57
What does the cortex of the suprarenal do; what is the function of each division?
- Synthesizes and secretes, but does NOT store steroid hormones Zona Glomerulosa: produces Mineralo-corticoids (**A****ldosterone**) Zona Fasiculata: produces Glococorticoids (**C****ortisol, Corticosterone**) Zona Reticularis: produces Androgens (**DHEA and Androstenedione**)
58
What is the arrow pointing to?
Glomerulus of the Zona Glomerulosa
59
What are the arrows pointing to?
Left: Lipid Droplets Right: Spongiocytes \*Both of the Zona Fasiculata
60
What are the arrows pointing to; which layer is this?
Top: Cells Bottom: Lipofuscin Granules (distinguishing feature) Zona Reticularis
61
What layer is this; how do you know?
- Zona Fasiculata - Spongiocytes w/ fenestrated capillaries separating adjacent cords
62
What are the 2 cell types of the suprarenal medulla?
1) Chromaffin Cells - Epinephrine 2) Chromaffin Cells - Norepinephrine \*Both are **modified Postsynaptic Sympathetic Cells**
63
Label A and B
64
What is the arrow pointing to?
Chromaffin Cells
65
How to distinguish the Epinephrine secreting from the noepinephrine secreting Chromaffin cells?
Epinephrine: smaller and granules are **lighter** Norepinephrine: larger and granules are **darker**
66
Label the top and bottom arrows?
Top: Norepinephrine secreting Chromaffin cell Bottom: Epinephrine secreting Chromaffin cell
67
What forms the capsular plexus of the suprarenal gland; what 2 things does the capsular plexus form and where?
- Blood from the Superior, Middle and Inferior Suprarenal arteries - Forms the Subcapsular plexus in the Zona Glomerulosa of the the cortex - Produces the Medullary artieries (Long Cortical arteries) that bypass the cortex and go directly to the Medulla
68
What does the Subcapsular Plexus produce?
Fenestrated Cortical Capillaries (Sinusoids/Short Cortical Capillaries) which pass through the Zona Fasiculata on to the Zona Reticularis
69
What provides the dual blood supply to the medulla?
1) Medullary arteries (Long cortical arteries) 2) Fenestrated Cortical Capillaries

Endo/Repro I Exam 1 (12 decks)

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