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Gene expression > Lecture 2 - Gene expression regulation: introduction > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Gene expression regulation: introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Genome

A

the complete set of sequences in the genetic material of an organism

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2
Q

The genome includes the

A

sequence of each chromosome plus any DNA in organelles

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3
Q

Transcriptome

A

the complete set of RNAs present in a cell, tissue, or organism

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4
Q

Proteome

A

the complete set of polypeptides produced by a cell

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5
Q

Chargaff’s rule

A

The amount of adenine approximately equals the amount of thymine (and cytosine ~ equals guanine)

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6
Q

The phosphate group in DNA is linked to

A

a deoxyribose sugar

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7
Q

Open chromatin is called

A

euchromatin

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8
Q

Closed chromatin is called

A

heterochromatin

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9
Q

Heterochromatin is

A

densely packed

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10
Q

Euchromatin is

A

loosely packed

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11
Q

in heterochromatin, transcription

A

cannot occur

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12
Q

In euchromatin, transcription

A

can occur

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13
Q

Size from smallest to largest of chromatin fiber, nucleosome, chromosome, DNA

A

DNA, nucleosome, chromatin fiber, chromosome

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14
Q

Chromosome

A

a discrete unit of the genome carrying many genes

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15
Q

Each chromosome consists of

A

a very long molecule of duplex DNA

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16
Q

Each chromosome is approximately equal masses of

A

DNA and protein

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17
Q

Chromosomes are visible as a morphological entity only during

A

cell division

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18
Q

How many human chromosomes are there?

A

46

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19
Q

How many chromosomes in yeast, nematode, and fruit fly?

A

32, 12, 8

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20
Q

Central dogma

A

information can only be transferred between nucleic acids and from nucleic acid to protein

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21
Q

Viroid

A

a small infectious single-stranded circular RNA molecule that does not have a protein coat

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22
Q

Prion

A

A proteinaceous infectious agent that behaves as an inheritable trait even though it contains no nucleic acid

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23
Q

Genes are the basic units of

A

inheritance

24
Q

Genes are ________ of the genome

A

functional units

25
Q

The human genome contains about _______ genes

A

20,000

26
Q

A chromosome is a very long molecule of

A

DNA

27
Q

A gene will give rise to

A

a polypeptide or an RNA

28
Q

Allele

A

One of several alternative forms of a gene occupying a given locus on a chromosome

29
Q

Locus

A

The position on a chromosome at which the gene for a particular trait resides

30
Q

Genetic recombination

A

A process by which separate DNA molecules are joined into a single molecule

31
Q

All mutations are changes in

A

the sequence of DNA

32
Q

Mutations may occur spontaneously by

A

DNA replication errors

33
Q

Mutations may be induced by

A

mutagens

34
Q

Mutation examples

A

Point mutations
Missense mutations
Silent mutations
Nonsense mutations

Frameshift mutation

35
Q

Every coding sequence has ______ possible reading frames

A

3

36
Q

Open reading frame

A

A sequence of DNA consisting of triplets that can be translated into amino acids starting with an initiation codon and ending with a termination codon

37
Q

An open reading frame starts with sequence

A

AUG

38
Q

3 stop codons

A

UUA, UGA, UAG

39
Q

The genetic code is read in triplet nucleotides called

A

codons

39
Q

Gene expression

A

The process by which the information in a sequence of DNA in a gene is used to produce an RNA or polypeptide, involving transcription and translation

40
Q

RNA has the same sequence as the

A

DNA top strand (with U instead of T)

41
Q

Each mRNA consists of

A

a 5’ UTR, a coding region, and a 3’ UTR

42
Q

Introns are part of the gene that are

A

not represented in the polypeptide product

43
Q

Introns are removed from the pre-mRNA transcript by

A

splicing

44
Q

RNA processing

A

Modifications to RNA transcripts of genes

45
Q

pre-mRNA

A

The nuclear transcript that is processed by modification and splicing to give an mRNA

46
Q

Exon

A

Any segment of an interrupted gene that is represented in the mature RNA product

47
Q

Pol I is in

A

rRNA

48
Q

Pol III is in

A

tRNA

48
Q

Pol II is in

A

mRNA

48
Q

Ribosome

A

A large assembly of RNA and proteins that synthesizes polypeptides under direction from an mRNA template

48
Q

rRNA

A

A major component of the ribosome

49
Q

tRNA

A

The intermediate in polypeptide synthesis that interprets the genetic code

50
Q

Promoters and enhancers are ______ acting DNA elements

A

cis

51
Q

An upstream-activating sequence (UAS)

A

behaves like an enhancer, but only works upstream of the promoter

52
Q

All gene products are ______ acting

A

trans

53
Q

Trans-acting elements

A

Transcription factors (TFs), RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), miRNAs

Gene expression (7 decks)

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