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AP Kidneys 2024 > Lecture 2 Final > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Final Flashcards

1
Q

The movement of fluid out of the capillary is called

A

Filtration

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2
Q

The process of fluid being absorbed by the capillaries

A

Reabsorption

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3
Q

What would our pressure look like if we checked it close to the output source (heart) and upstream of the vascular resistance?

A

It would be an increase in pressure

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4
Q

What would our BP look like if we measures downstream of the vascular resistance (veins)?

A

It would be a low BP

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5
Q

As the blood crosses the pressure of high resistance, our blood pressure is?

A

Reduced

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6
Q

Normally when we take BP measurements, we use _____ arteries.

A

Big

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7
Q

What happens to our BP as they go through more and more cross sectional areas?

(more cross sectional areas = more small arteries/arterioles involved)

A

BP is down

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8
Q

Why does the BP get lower as it goes through the multiple small/smaller arteries?
(more pathways)

A

It is due to the high vascular resistance that the blood is encountering from the larger arteries down to the smaller arteries.

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9
Q

How does pressors work?

A

Causes the arterioles to constrict and raises BP.

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10
Q

Most of the vessels contracting and relaxing occurs on the?

A

smaller arteriole side of systemic circulation

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11
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

V = IR

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12
Q

Measurement of the difference in pressure between two points in a system is?

A

Delta P (AVG 17.3)

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13
Q

What happens to the flow if the delta P goes up?

A

The flow goes up.

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14
Q

What happens to the flow if resistance goes up?

A

The flow goes down

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15
Q

What’s the difference between a peripheral capillary and the kidney capillaries?

A

Kidney capillaries are specialized

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16
Q

What occurs in the peripheral capillaries?

A

Nutrient exchange, waste product collections from the circulation.

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17
Q

What controls the blood flow through the capillaries?

A

arteriole blood vessels

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18
Q

Arterioles are equipped with ___ to help with ____ and____ to regulate ____ downstream?

A

Smooth muscles; contracting; relaxing; blood flow

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19
Q

We have about ____ capillaries, with ____ surface area.

A

10+ B; 500-700 Sq. meters

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20
Q

What is VSMC’s?

A

Vascular smooth muscle cells

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21
Q

How many layers of VSMC’s are in capillaries?

A

4 layers thick for contraction/relaxation

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22
Q

VSMC’s regulate _____ downstream.

A

blood flow

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23
Q

Process of endothelium-mediated catecholamine NO system

Shear force > eNOs and

A

binds with o2+ L-argenine > NO+ L-citrulline > soluble guanylyl cyclase > cGTP into cGMP > relaxation

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24
Q

How are gasses offloaded in the capillaries?

A

It offloads O2 and pickup CO2 to deliver it to the lungs to be excreted.

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25
Q

we have 1 aorta; Internal diameter of the aorta is; cross-sectional area is; leading to a ____ velocity

A

2.5cm; 4.5sq/cm ; high velocity

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26
Q

we have 2 vena cava; internal diameter; cross-sectional area

A

3cm; 18sq/cm (total for 2)

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27
Q

Arterioles internal diameter; wall thickness is

A

30 micrometers; 20 micrometers leaving a 10 micrometer opening

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28
Q

TF: arterioles have really thick walls d/t VSMC’s

A

True

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29
Q

T/F: capillaries are made up of endothelial cells and unable to contract/relax

A

True

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30
Q

Does Epi work on the capillaries?

A

No, they aren’t equipped with VSMCs

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31
Q

If waste products need to be removed from the tissues it ____ the capillaries.

A

goes into

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32
Q

If the tissues need nutrients from the capillaries, it ____ of the capillaries.

A

goes out (reabsorbed)

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33
Q

Capillaries cross sectional area

A

4500 sq/cm

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34
Q

Which part of the circulation has the fastest blood flow velocity? slow? fairly slow?

A

Aorta; veins; capillaries

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35
Q

The more numbers of same type pathways (capillaries; arterioles; arteries)

A

the higher the number of cross sectional area

36
Q

Does the vena cava have a bigger cross sectional area than the aorta?

A

Yes, because we have 2 vena cavas.

37
Q

Blood pressure of the arterial end (arteriolar) of the capillary is?

A

30mmHg

38
Q

Blood pressure of the venous end of the capillary is?

A

10mmHg

39
Q

If the BP is 100 upstream (closer to the heart) what is it in the capillaries?

A

30mmHG

40
Q

What is the delta pressure if the arterial end is 30mmHG and venous end is 10mmHG?

A

delta P = 17.3 mmHG

41
Q

What does it mean by pressures in the circulation system?

A

MAP

42
Q

What is the normal MAP for our class?

A

100mmHG

43
Q

What are variables that are filtered in the arterial end?

A

Glucose, oxygen (filtered)

44
Q

What are variables that are reabsorbed in the venous end of the capillaries?

A

Waste products (reabsorption)

45
Q

What are capillary starling forces?

A

This determines the movement of fluids between capillaries and tissues (Filtered/reabsorption)

46
Q

What is P(cap)? (ex. 30 mmHg; arterial, 10mmHG; venous)

A

BP in the capillary; Hydrostatic/hydraulic/physical fluid pressure

47
Q

How thick are capillaries?

A

1 cell layer thick

48
Q

What is P(ISF)?

A

BP outside the capillary/cells (interstitial); hydraulic/hydrostatic pressure

49
Q

What happens if the P(ISF) is high (ex. 10mmHg)? (nml -3mmHg)

A

It can oppose (impair) the filtration pressure on the arterial end of the capillary and promoting more reabsorption in the venous end

50
Q

What is the normal P(ISF)?

A

-3mmHg

51
Q

What pulls extra fluid out of the intersititium?

A

Lymphatic system (kind of like a vacuum)

52
Q

(Pi symbol) CAP; Plasma colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure means….

A

in a nml person;
when all the colloids dissolved in the blood hold the fluids inside the capillary (28mmHg)

53
Q

What happens to the plasma colloids osmotic pressure when we hemorrhage?

A

colloids decrease and lowers the colloid pressure making it hard to keep fluids in the capillaries (CV system)

54
Q

If something makes the walls of the capillary more porous, what happens? (ex. sepsis)

A

we lose osmotic pressure l/t loss of colloids, because it is not a semi permeable membrane anymore.

55
Q

What are proteoglycan filaments?

A

Large strings of protein that hang out in the interstitial space (ISF)

56
Q

What are hyaluronic acid?

A

Large compound that doesn’t move in or out of the capillary easily. (ISF)

57
Q

What are collagen?

A

Proteins found in the ISF.

58
Q

T/F: There are more proteins found in the ISF vs the CV system (capillaries)

A

False

59
Q

What is the (Pi symbol)ISF?

A

8mmHg that promote fluid into ISF but outweighed by 28mmHG (pi symbol) CAP inside the capillary.

60
Q

What happens to the capillaries after a trauma or bang your head on something, infection, cells dying?

A

Causes the capillaries to implode and leak proteins and fluid into the interstitium (swelling)

61
Q

What happens to the proteins that leaked out from the porous capillaries after the capillary heals?

A

All of the proteins are stuck in the ISF bc it is now back to a semi permeable membrane. (Swelling/edema that’s harder to fix)
*Lymphatics try to help but it’s a slow process.

62
Q

How does your body fix itself when there are proteins stuck in the ISF?

A

The lymphatic system can help by “vacuuming” some of the extra proteins/fluids out if the ISF. But this is a very slow process.

63
Q

How does the lymphatic system work?

A

Their rate of action is activated by activity (skeletal muscle). More slowed in someone who’s bedridden or immobile.

64
Q

What does the lymphatic system mainly work on?

A

Managing excess fluids more than proteins but it does help remove excess proteins a little bit.

65
Q

What other things does a surgeon worry about when making incisions?

A

Worried of cutting the lymphatic system that causes fluids to continuously leak out.

66
Q

What is Kf? what effects will it have if the surface area is increased? (filtration coefficient)

A
  • measures how permeable capillaries are to fluids not proteins.
  • If the surface area gets bigger, the permeability # also increases.
67
Q

3 main protein compounds that make up total oncotic pressure in the capillary (CV system)

A
  • albumin, fibrinogen, globulins (28mmHg)
68
Q

Effects of activity (walking) on the lymphatic system.

A

When walking, leg muscle movements will compress/relax the lymphatic systems in the area and activate them as well as arm movements. (one way pumping system)

69
Q

Where does the lymphatic system return all the excess fluids?

A

Lymphatic ducts on the top of the thorax connected to very large veins.
(subclavian veins)

70
Q

Lymphatic flow starts as low as ___. As we increase activity it can go as high as ___ capacity.

A

1; 20

71
Q

How does being bed ridden affect the lymphatic system and how can you prevent it?

A

Bed ridden = immobility, l/t lymphatic system to work slower, excess fluids in ISF to “pool”.

  • SCD’s can prevent this issue
72
Q

(Arterial)
What is the (NFP; Net Filtration Pressure) filtration pressure of filtration minus the opposing filtration pressure?

A

(Arterial);
Net Filtration Pressure (NFP); 13mmHG

  • favors filtration
73
Q

(Venous)
What is the Net filtration pressure (NFP) minus opposing pressure?

A

Net filtration pressure (NFP); (Venous)
-7mmHg

  • favors reabsorption
74
Q

What happens to the excess fluid that’s from the NFP of the arteries minus the venous NFP?

A

scavenged by the lymphatic system.

75
Q

What is the “average” Pressure and NFP in the capillary?

A

17.3mmHg MAP

Average NFP 0.3mmHg

76
Q

What is the capillary generally permeable to?

A

water, NaCl (smaller the compound the easier the permeability) Glucose not really but in the BBB they require glucose transporters.

77
Q

What is the normal pressure in the renal artery?

A

100 MAP

78
Q

What are the 1st set of renal capillaries?

A

glomerular capillaries control the amount of filtering

79
Q

afferent arteriole (renal) has a lot of resistance causing the 100mmHg to?

A

drop to 60mmHg by the time it reaches the Glomerular capillaries

80
Q

T/F: The pressure in the renal capillaries are twice as high as the systemic capillary

A

True

81
Q

Due to high pressures in the renal capillary, what is the normal filtration rate?

A

125ml/min

82
Q

Does the renal capillaries filter large compounds such as blood, proteins?

A

No, unless the renal system is damaged

83
Q

What can cause large compounds to be filtered in the renal system?

A

Diabetes, HTN

84
Q

How can the afferent areterioles control the normal levels of blood flow and filtration rate?

A

It can constrict or dilate depending on the pressure coming in.

85
Q

Due to the high pressure of ___ mmHg inside the glomerular capillaries, it will increase the filtration rate to ___ ml/min

A

60; 125

86
Q

What is the filtration rate dependent on?

A

Kidney flow (autoregulation) of pressure in the glomerular capillaries.

AP Kidneys 2024 (9 decks)

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