Lecture 2-Exam 2 Flashcards
What are the blood functions (4)
- Transport-> solutes, gases, hormones
- Homeostasis-> for BP
- Hemostasis
- Immunity-> WBCs that travel in blood
What is the blood composition? (with percentages)
What are anticoagulants? What is prevented?
- EDTA, citrate, or heparin (from basophils)
- Prevents Ca2+ binding (Ca2+ critical blood clotting)
What is therapeutic plasma exchange?
Plasmapheresis
What are the main osmotically active plasma solutes?
Na+ Cl− and HCO3− main osmotically active plasma solutes. Osmotic pressure changeable.
What do the proteins in the blood form? Is it unstable or stable?
Proteins in the blood form the oncotic pressure, also known as colloidal osmotic pressure. Relatively stable
Proteins pull water over
Is plasma charged? If so what is the charge?
Plasma is electroneurtral
What are the different plasma proteins and their function?
What are the different plasma lipids?
- Cholesterol: free cholesterol and cholesterolester
- Triglyceride
- Phospholipids
What are the different plasma lipoproteins?
- Apoprotein (apo)
- Lipoprotein (apoptein+lipids): below is from low density to high density
* Chylomicron (CM)
* VLDL
* LDL
* IDL
* HDL
Na+: extracellular
Chloride: extracellular
What are the main extracelluar cation and anion?
NaCl
What are carbohydrates in the blood
Glucose
- What are the break down by-products of lipids in the blood?
- What are the lipid and water soluble Vitamins?
- By-products: ketones
- Lipid: Vit A,D,K,E
- Water: Vit B12, and C
- Elevated LDL increased risk of what
- What does reduced HDL levels indicate?
- Who has high triglyceride levels?
- What are other risk predictors of CVD?
- Elevated LDL (the form that takes cholesterol to tissues), increases risk of cholesterol plaque buildup in arterial walls (atherosclerosis)
- Reduced HDL levels indicate decreased ability to remove excess cholesterol.
- Many people with obesity, heart disease, and/or diabetes also have high triglyceride levels.
- Several ratios, such as the LDL/HDL ratio and the total cholesterol/HDL ratio, are also used as risk predictors.
- What is elevated in hepatitis?
- What is increased with bile duct obstruction?
- What is used to monitor general liver damage?
- ALP is elevated in hepatitis
- ALT is commonly increased with bile duct obstruction
- AST levels are used to monitor general liver damage
- What is bilirubin? What is it produced by?
- Depending on its form, bilirubin levels can be used to identify what?
- Bilirubin is a waste product of the liver, produced from RBC breakdown and recycling.
- Depending on its form (conjugated or unconjugated), bilirubin levels can be used to identify a problem that occurs before the liver (e.g., hemolytic anemia), a problem within the liver (e.g., cirrhosis), or a problem after the liver (e.g., bile duct blockage).
- Abnormalities in an electrolyte panel (i.e., electrolytes and HCO3−) commonly what?
- What components are used to assess liver health and function?
- Abnormalities in an electrolyte panel (i.e., electrolytes and HCO3−) commonly predict problems with fluid balance, such as edema or hypertension.
- The * components are used to assess liver health and function.
What are all the cells in formed elements of blood?
Hematopoietic stem cells reside predominately where? How is the stem cells pushed down a lineage?
Hematopoietic stem cells reside predominately in the red bone marrow (axial, humerus, hip, epipitis bone) and can be further differentiated into various lineages by a group of cytokines that are collectively called colony- stimulating factors.
- Platelets come from what?
- Monocytes turn into what?
- Platelets are fragments of megakaryocytes
- Turns into a macrophage when in tissue
What are eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes?
- Eosinophils are inflammatory cells that defend against parasitic infections.
- Basophils release histamine, causing the inflammation of allergic and antigen reactions.
- Monocytes migrate from the blood stream and become macrophages.
- Lymphocytes contain three cell types that participate in the immune system.
What are rough values of RBC, Hbg and Hct?