Lecture #2 - Exam 1

Question 1

Importance of water in biological reactions. (3)

Answer 1

• Important in both reactants and product
  *Creation or degradation of macromolecules,
  *Influence the 3D structures of macromolecules

Question 2

Influence of water on 3D structures of macromolecules.

Answer 2

creates or breaks bonds, \

Question 3

Significance of maintaining a specific pH range and the use of buffers.

Answer 3

Most life forms thrive in a relatively small pH range –> some proteins BREAK at extreme PH

Question 4

Buffer zones in solutions and their impact on pH and concentration.

Answer 4

Buffer zone: a range where you can add acid or base without effecting the pH

Question 5

differences between weak and strong acids.

Answer 5

PKA ndicates the strength of an acid
* Strong acid pKa of <3
* Weak acid pKa 3-7

Question 6

strong acids characteristics (2 not level)

Answer 6

fully dissociates in water
will drop PH

Question 7

weak acid (3 not level)

Answer 7

creates buffer
doesn’t fully ionize in water
used to maintain PH

Question 8

The pH scale and & relation to hydrogen ions.

Answer 8

the more hydrogen bonds present = lower PH levels

Question 9

The recommended age for babies to drink water.

Answer 9

at least 6 months old

Question 10

Water cohesion and its role in plant water transport.

Answer 10

he movement of water molecules in the plant body is due to the adhesive forces between the water molecules and surfaces of the root and stems.

Question 11

Implications of intravenous (IV) solutions without salt.

Answer 11

can lead to over watering –> blow up cells due to hypotonic

Question 12

Examples match with water adhesion.

Answer 12

Examples match with water adhesion.

Question 13

How do things move across the plasma membrane?

Answer 13

diffusion & osmosis

Question 14

How do H+ ions in solutions change at different pH levels.

Answer 14

for each one-digit change in pH, the acidity (H+ concentration) changes by 10 times. (Indirect correlation(10 ^ #)

Question 15

Examples of monosaccharides.(3)

Answer 15

glucose
fructose
galactose

Question 16

Composition of the tails of phospholipids in the plasma membrane.

Answer 16

two hydrophobic tails- fatty acids

Question 17

Bonds holding nucleotide bases (the pairs) in DNA chains.

Answer 17

hydrogen bonds

Question 18

Identifying examples of lipids.4 types:

Answer 18

triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
waxes

Question 19

triglycerides structure

Answer 19

GLYCEROL + 3 FATTY ACIDS

Question 20

phospholipids structure

Answer 20

phosohate heaad + 2fatty acid tails

Question 21

steroids strcutue

Answer 21

4 fused carbon rings

Question 22

steroid example(s) 4

Answer 22

cholesterol
vitamin d
test
cotisone

Question 23

waxes examples (3)

Answer 23

skin
cuticles of plants
beeswax

Question 24

examples of carbohydrates

Answer 24

starch
celllulose
glycogen

Question 25

Unique characteristics of carbon as a fundamental element.(2)

Answer 25

lightweight
4 links * helps w being backbone

Question 26

The role of functional groups in molecules.(1 main-3parts)

Answer 26

are added to carbon backbone to change properties:
folding, binding, & interactions

Question 27

Substances that can be broken down into an energy source.

Answer 27

carbohydrates – starch in plants, glycogen in animals

Question 28

A molecule with a polar region and nonpolar fatty acid tails.

Answer 28

phospholipid

Question 29

Sugar found in RNA.

Answer 29

ribose

Question 30

Composition of the external skeleton of many insects.

Answer 30

chitin

Question 31

nucleid acid

Answer 31

molecule of inheretnece (DNA + RNA)

Question 32

4 macromolecules

Answer 32

” Carbohydrates
* Lipids
* Proteins
* Nucleic acids”

Question 33

carbohydrates functions (2)

Answer 33

cell structure
energy source

Question 34

Complementary DNA strand to a given sequence.

Answer 34

A-T C-G

Question 35

The information storage molecule for cells.

Answer 35

nucleic acid

Question 36

Composition of most enzymes.

Answer 36

amino acids linked together in one or more polypeptide chains

Question 37

Arrangement of polypeptide chains in proteins.

Answer 37

a-helix or b-sheets

Question 38

The level of protein structure determines other levels

Answer 38

Primary level of structure

Question 39

Prokaryotic cells lack a (2)

Answer 39

nucleus
membrane-bound organelles.

Question 40

The Glycocalyx, including capsules and slime layers, serves to (2)

Answer 40

protective and adhesive functions.

Question 41

Bacterial capsules serve

Answer 41

protective functions.

Question 42

Bacterial fimbriae primarily aid in

Answer 42

attachment

Question 43

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is found in the outer membrane of

Answer 43

Gram-negative bacteria.

Question 44

All bacteria can produce endospores.

Answer 44

FALSE

Question 45

Mycoplasma bacteria lack

Answer 45

a cell wall.

Question 46

Bacterial flagella can be (2)

Answer 46

polar or peritrichous.

Question 47

Spirochetes are a type of bacteria with

Answer 47

with endoflagella.(internal flagella)

Question 48

Bacteria can have flagella at

Answer 48

one or both ends.

Question 49

3 types of flagella

Answer 49

endoflagella(internal)
fimbriae
pili (sexual)

Question 50

Flagella movement (2 parts)

Answer 50

1st run toward: rotate clockwise
2)tumble - rotate counterclockwise

Question 51

bacterial cell wall is made of

Answer 51

peptidoglycan

Question 52

ribosome function

Answer 52

protein syntheisis

Question 53

only gram ____ have endospores

Answer 53

gram positive

Question 54

Microbes communicate with the brain to influence

Answer 54

food prefrences/cravings

Question 55

An unhealthy diet can lead to an

Answer 55

overgrowth of certain undesirable bacteria.

Question 56

A diet high in fast food can create a self-reinforcing cycle of ____

Answer 56

bad food cravings

Question 57

Identification of weak bases and strong bases

Answer 57

PKA
weak 7-11
Strong 11+