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Microbiology > Lecture #1 - Exam1 > Flashcards

Lecture #1 - Exam1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What was Needham’s explanation for the appearance of microbes in his experiment?

From Class

A

Microbes arise spontenously from non-living matter

supporter of aristotle

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2
Q

The tails of the phospholipids of the plasma membra are composed of ________ and are _________?

From Class

A

The tails of the phospholipids of the plasma membra are composed of **FATTY ACIDS **and are HYDROPHOBIC.

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3
Q

The nucleotide bases of the two complementary DNA chains are held togehter in the middle of the molecule by ________ bonds.

From Class

A

The nucleotide bases of the two complementary DNA chains are held togehter in the middle of the molecule by hydrogen bonds.

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4
Q

Scientific Method Steps (4)

A
  • observation
  • question
  • hypothesis
  • experiments
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5
Q

bacteria characteristics (5)

class notes

A
  • PROKARYOTES
  • found everywhere
  • unicellular
  • no nucleus
  • peptidoglycan cell walls
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6
Q

archaea characteristics (5)

A
    • PROKARYOTES
  • known as ancient bacteria
    • unicellular
  • no nucleus
  • can live in extreme enviornment
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7
Q

fungi characteristics (4)

A
  • *Eukaryotes
  • contain chitin walls
  • multicellular & unicellular groups
  • 2 Types (molds & yeast)
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8
Q

molds are _____ (2)

A
  • multicellular hyphae or mycelium
  • reproduce by sexual and asexual spores
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9
Q

yeasts are ____ (2)

A
  • unicellular
  • reproduce sexually & asexually
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10
Q

protoza characteristics (5)

A

**EUKARYOTES
* unicellular
* free-living
* locomotion
* 4 types - flagellates, sporozoan, amoebae, ciliates

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11
Q

Algea characteristics (3)

A
  • *EUKARYOTES
  • photosynthetic
  • unicellular or multicellular
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12
Q

MICROBES CLASSIFICATIONS (5)

A
  1. bacteria
  2. archaea
  3. fungi
  4. protozoa
  5. algae
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13
Q

The individual who first observed and documented microorganisms.& How

A

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek - tested water he drank

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14
Q

**

Aristotle’s belief about the origin of life was based on his observations.

A

he believed in spontenous generation due to leaving food in a container & flies showing up

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15
Q

Francisco Redi’s experiment challenged Aristotle’s hypothesis.

A

he closed the lid on the the jar = no more flies or maggots

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16
Q

Needham’s experiment

A

Boiled gravy & then sealed it —> then saw cloudy = saw microorganisms
(Believed he boiled it enough to kill)

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17
Q

Spallanzani’s experiment

A

Boiled infusions and sealed the vials. Remained clear until the seal was opened.

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18
Q

Pasteur’s contribution to understanding spontaneous generation.

A

showed that microbes come from outside forces by adding air to flask while infused w heat

19
Q

Statements consistent with Pasteur’s findings.(4)

A

Microorganisms can be present in nonliving matter, such as air, liquids, and solids.

DIsproved spontenous generation.

microorganisms exist

germ theory

20
Q

How Louis Pasteur discovered the role of fungi in fermenting grape juice.

A

Took his original experiment further

Juice in flasks were added bacteria into them & sealed —> bacteria reproduce. Acids produce

Juice in flask is added with yeast & sealed —> yeast reproduce & alcohol is produced ( fermentation)

21
Q

Eduard Buchner’s discovery revolutionized wine production.

A

use of enzynmes to filter

22
Q

The accidental discovery of ampicillin and its original research intent.

A

Alexander fleming - forgot to put away a petri dish – foudn the grown mold to be pushing out bacteria

23
Q

The first microorganisms were observed under a microscope.

A

in a drop of water

24
Q

Who built the first simple microscope?

A

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

25
Q

Koch’s Postulation steps.(4)

A

1) find infection
2) 2) grab a sample & grow on petridish.
3) test each colony on susceptible hostss.
4) analyze the efftcs of the disease

26
Q

Notable early microbiologists who supported spontaneous generation.

A

John Needham

27
Q

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek’s contribution

A

discovered microorganism

28
Q

Who first used Petri dishes?

A

Julius Richard Petri

29
Q

The role of theories in science.

A

strong predictor power

30
Q

Seeing faces in inanimate objects as an example.

A

evolutionary bias

31
Q

Differences between bacteria and archaea from other unicellular microorganisms.

A

no nucleus

32
Q

Matching prokaryotes and eukaryotes to organisms.
-types
-size

A

prokaryotes:
1. -bacteria or archea
2. small

eukaryotes:
1. -protists, plants, animals, fungi
2. big

BOTH have
DNA
ribosomes
cytoplasm
cell membrane
some cell walls

33
Q

Adaptations developed by bacteria as a defense mechanism against viral infection.

A

incorporates a part of the virus’ DNA into itself to repel

34
Q

Modes of locomotion used by eukaryotic cells.(3)

A
  • pseudopods (fake foot to move)
  • cilia (inside the cell)
  • flagella(outside of the cell-looks like a hair).
35
Q

Habitats where archaea are likely to be found.

A

EXTREME ENVIORMENTS

36
Q

Bacteriophages

A

a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea.

37
Q

arrangment of bacteria flagella (4)

A
  • monotrichous (having one flagellum)
  • amphitrichous (single flagellum at both ends)
  • lophotrichous (numerous flagella as a tuft)
  • and peritrichous (flagella distributed all over the cell except at the poles)
38
Q

4 types of Protozoa

A

flagellates
sporozoan
amoebae
ciliates

39
Q

Spallanzani’/ conclusions

A
  • needham failed to heat his vials enough or not sealed right
    -microorganisms exist in the air & can contaminate
  • spontaneous generation doesn’t occur. All living things arise from other living things
40
Q

Pasteur’s experiment

A

Boiled infusion, Used a swan necked flask to let in air —> no microbes.
Cut off and he neck —> microbes reappeared

41
Q

History process of spontaneous generations

A

1) Aristotle
2) Francesco Redi (against)
3) Needham (for)
4) spallanzi (against)
5) Pasteur (against) —- Final

42
Q

prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have (5)

A

BOTH have
1. DNA
2. ribosomes
3. cytoplasm
4. cell membrane
5. some cell walls

43
Q

Select all that are prokaryotes:
Bacteria, protozoa, Algae, Mold, Methanogens, Fungi, archaea

A

bacteria, mathanogens, archea

44
Q

membrane bound organnels

A

nucleus
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
vacuoles
Golgi apparatus.

Microbiology (7 decks)

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