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1
Q

A bacterial cell possesses a glycocalyx. is the following statement true or false:
it will be engulfed more quickly by defensive cells of the host

A

FALSE

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2
Q

The NAG and NAM subunit chains are connected to each other in peptidoglycan by

A

short chains of amino acids

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3
Q

Phospholipids are important components of ____

A

the plasma membrane cells

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4
Q

Which process would enable a white blood cell to ingest bacteria?

A

Phagocytosis

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5
Q

What do we call an organism that converts inorganic carbons (CO2) into organic carbon (sugar)?

A

autotrophs

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6
Q

How do two isotopes of an element differ?

A

neutron number

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7
Q

Why is no energy required in passive transport?

A

the concentration gradient drives the movement

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8
Q

Which level of protein structures contains hydrogen bond interactions (i.e. alpha helix) between the backbones

A

secondary

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9
Q

Which of the following is non-polar and hydrophobic?
-phospholipid
-monosaccharide
-nucleotide
-fatty acid

A

fatty acid

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10
Q

When a protein is composed of more than one polypeptide chain, the arrangement of the chains is called the ____________ structure.

A

quaternary

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11
Q

Which of the following is not an organelle?
Ribosome
Lysosome
Nucleus
Chloroplast

A

ribosome

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12
Q

The overall purpose of the Calvin cycle is

A

build organic molecules

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13
Q

In which of the following organism(s) does Cellular Respiration occur?
Animals, Plants, Algae, Seaweed, Fungi

A

All of the above

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14
Q

Buffer A: 1L of 50mM Tris;
Buffer B: 1L of 1M Tris.
Which is better to resist pH changes?

A

buffer B

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15
Q

What is true about fermentation?

A

it is a way to supply needed NAD+ to the cell

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16
Q

Which molecule is transported into the mitochondria and connects glycolysis to the rest of cellular respiration pathway?

A

pyruvate

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17
Q

Roughly how many mitochondria are found in an animal cell?

A

At least 1000 mitochondria

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18
Q

Non-protein components that help activate enzyme’s function:
(select) Inorganic ions (i.e. metals, heme,)
(select) Organic molecules (i.e. vitamins, NAD, FAD, biotin)

A

cofactor; coenzyme

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19
Q

How many neutrons is in a Phosphorus (P) (element #15) with a mass number of 32?

A

17

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20
Q

Cellulose and starch are examples of ________.

A

polysaccharides

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21
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

It converts glucose into energy

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22
Q

What is a hallmark of passive transport across cell membranes?

A

it occurs along the electrochemical gradient, and may involve the use of channel proteins

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23
Q

When a cell membrane engulfs small fluid droplets and proteins, it is called

A

Pinocytosis

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24
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of enzymes?
a. Diseases such as albinism, Hunter syndrome and Tay-Sachs disease are characterized by a missing or malfunctioning enzyme.
b. Enzymes speed up biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to start.
c.Without enzymes, reactions would be much too slow to sustain life.
d. There are very few places in your body where enzymes exist.

A

There are very few places in your body where enzymes exist.

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25
Q

H2O can be _____ , and H2 can be ____

options:
compound, molecule, compound and molecule

A

Compound and molecule ; Molecule

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26
Q

Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria that do not have a cell wall, only a membrane. what characteristic would you expect for these bacteria?

A

sensitive to osmotic pressure

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27
Q

Place the following bonds in order from strongest to weakest.

hydrogen, van der Waal, covalent, ionic, hydrophobic.

A

Covalent
Ionic,
Hydrogen,
Hydrophobic
Van der Waal

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28
Q

In order to create a buffer zone, ____ mL of 1M of Citric acid should be added with 2 mL of 1M Sodium citrate

A

2 mL

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29
Q

Which is incorrect about photosynthesis?

A) The light reactions take place in the cytoplasm

B) The light-independent reactions don’t require light

C) Photosynthesis requires water

D) The light-dependent reactions release oxygen

A

A) The light reactions take place in the cytoplasm

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30
Q

Most enzymes are made up of

A) Carbohydrates

B) Nucleic acids

C) Proteins

D) Lipids

A

C) Proteins

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31
Q

True / False

All functional proteins exist in the quaternary structure.

False

A

false

32
Q

Which of the following would not move freely across the cytoplasmic membrane?

A) Dissolved carbon dioxide

B) Dissolved oxygen

C) Small alcohols

D) Positively charged hydrogen ions

A

D) Positively charged hydrogen ions

33
Q

If the pH shifts from 5 to 7

A) The H+ has increased 100 times

B) The OH- has increased 100 times

C) The H+ has decreased 20 times

D) The OH- has decreased 20 times

A

B) The OH- has increased 100 times

34
Q
A
34
Q

In what real world scenario might the use of antibiotics potentially impact mitochondrial cells and child development?

Prolonged antibiotic treatment during pregnancy may have implications for mitochondrial health in the developing fetus and affect child development

Antibiotics have no relevance to mitochondrial cells or child development

Mitochondrial cells are inherently resistant to antibiotics, making any impact on child development unlikely

Antibiotics are commonly administered to improve mitochondrial health in children

A

Prolonged antibiotic treatment during pregnancy may have implications for mitochondrial health in the developing fetus and affect child development.

35
Q

How many more H+ ions would a solution of pH 3 have over a solution of pH 5?

A

100

36
Q

Water moves via osmosis, which is when water migrates

  • From a high concentration to a low concentration
  • From a low concentration of water to a higher concentration
  • Throughout the cytoplasm
  • From a low concentration of solutes to a higher one
  • From a low concentration of solutes to a higher one
A

From a low concentration of solutes to a higher one

37
Q

An endothermic reaction

  • Exchanges energy
  • Requires energy
  • Is spontaneous
  • Uses enzymes
A

Requires energy

38
Q

Which of the following occurs in the mitochondria?

Calvin cycle

Electron transport chain

Kreb cycle

glucose

glycolysis

A

Electron transport chain
Kreb cycle

39
Q

Select all features that prokaryotic cells do not have.

  • Flagella
  • Ribosomes
  • Mitochondria
  • DNA
  • Nucleus
  • Cell Wall
A

Mitochondria
Nucleus

40
Q

If delta G is negative, then the reaction is __________? If delta G is positive, then the reaction is _________?

A

Spontaneous

Non-spontaneous

41
Q

Which of the following is only a eukaryotic structure?

  • Flagella
  • Peptidoglycan
  • Cell membrane
  • Cilia
  • Ribosomes
A

cilia

42
Q

Who came up with the Red Dragon Hypothesis?

Carl Sagan

Dr. Pham

Antoni Leuwenhoek

Pasteur

A

Carl Sagan

43
Q

The following is a NOT “scientific” question.

Do sidewalks change the availability of water for trees?

Do trees absorb water?

How does trees deal with stress?

Do I like trees?

A

Do I like trees?

44
Q

When a cytoplasmic vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, expelling its contents outside the cell, the process is known as

osmosis

endocytosis

exocytosis

diffusion

A

exocytosis

45
Q

Select all that are lipids:

Cytosine

Energy source stored in adipose tissue

Phospholipids

Waxes

Amino acids

ATP

Cotton candy

enzymes

Polysaccharides

Steroids

A

Energy source stored in adipose tissue
Phospholipids
Waxes
Steroids

46
Q

An isotope of sodium (Na) (element #11) has a mass number of 22. How many neutrons does it have?

A

11

47
Q

Which is incorrect about the plasma membrane?

Proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer do not move

Cholesterol affects the fluid nature of the membrane

It has a hydrophobic interior and hydrophilic region that faces water

Transmembrane proteins span the membrane

A

Proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer do not move

48
Q

Choose all examples that matches with water adhesion

Water sticking to glass through condensation

Water being soaked by napkin

Water drying up through evaporation

Water mixing together away from oil

Water droplets stuck on a wall

A

Water sticking to glass through condensation
Water being soaked by napkin
Water droplets stuck on a wall

49
Q

Match the following for plants

C3 - C4 - CAM

TREES - SUGARCANE - CACTUS

A

C3- trees

C4-sugarcane

CAM- cactus

50
Q

Which of the following is never a product of a fermentation reaction?

ethanol

lactic acid

carbon dioxide

pyruvate

A

pyruvate

51
Q

Which of the following can be broken down into energy source?

Peptidoglycan

Chitin

Cellulose

Triglycerides

Starch

A

Chitin
Cellulose
Triglycerides
Starch

52
Q

The number of ________ of an element determines its atomic number.

neutrons

valence electrons

protons

electrons

A

protons

53
Q

Which of the following is NOT a type of cytoskeletal fiber

Microtubules

All of these are cytoskeletal fibers

Actin microfilaments

Intermediate microfilaments

A

All of these are cytoskeletal fibers

54
Q

```

~~~

Match the following

Tight Junction - Anchoring (adhesion junction) - Gap Junction

Reduce molecules/ions transferred between cells

Help cells stick together

Allow transfer of molecules/ions between cells

A

Tight Junction - Reduce molecules/ions transferred between cells

Anchoring (adhesion junction) - Help cells stick together
Gap Junction - Allow transfer of molecules/ions between cells

55
Q

```

~~~

Which of the following statements is not true about water

Water is the most abundant atom in Earth’s atmosphere

Water stabilizes temperature

Water is essential for life

Water is polar

A

Water is the most abundant atom in Earth’s atmosphere

56
Q

Amino acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides, and fatty acids have this in common.

They are subunits of macromolecules

They have a ration of (CH2O)n

They are non-polar molecules

They all contain nitrogen atoms

A

They are subunits of macromolecules

57
Q

Which term describes how water binds to the surface of a glass?

Convection

Cohesion

Adhesion

Dilution

A

Adhesion

58
Q

Which type of inhibitor locks the substrates from exiting the active site?

Competitive

Irreversible

Allosteric

Noncompetitive

A

Noncompetitive

59
Q

The endomembrane system consists of all the following organelles EXCEPT

Golgi apparatus

Vesicles

Mitochondria

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Mitochondria

60
Q

Match the inhibitors with their analogies

Competitive inhibitor - Non-competitive Inhibitor

toll meter blocking cars from entering the parking lot - stealing a parking space from another car

A

Competitive inhibitor: stealing a parking space from another car

Noncompetitive inhibitor: toll meter blocking cars from entering the parking lot

61
Q

A bacterial cell, which has a cytoplasmic solute concentration equal to 0.85% NaCl, is placed into a tube containing a solution that has a NaCl concentration of 0.2%. What type of solution has the cell been placed?

Hypertonic

Isotonic

No clue

Hypotonic

A

Hypotonic

62
Q

What’s a buffer zone in a solution, and what happens to the pH and the concentration of the acid (HA) and its conjugate base (A-) in this zone?

A buffer zone is where pH fluctuate wildly, and pH equals pKA, with {HA} less than {A-}

A buffer zone is where pH remains stable, and pH equals pKa, with {HA} equal to {A-}

A buffer zone is where pH is always neutral, and pH equals pKA, with {HA} not related to {A-}

A buffer zone is where pH can change a lot, and pH equals pKA, with {HA} greater than {A-}

A

A buffer zone is where pH remains stable, and pH equals pKa, with {HA} equal to {A-}

63
Q

A bacterial capsule is a type of?

Cytoskeleton

Slime layer

Cell wall

Glycocalyx

A

Glycocalyx

64
Q

Amino acids are joined together in a type of reaction where a hydroxyl group is removed from one amino acid and a hydrogen is removed from the other amino acid to form the peptide bond between the two. This type of reaction is an example of a

A

dehydration synthesis reaction

65
Q

Which of the following elements are electronegative? Select all that apply

Helium

Carbon

Nitrogen

Hydrogen

Boron

Oxygen

A

Nitrogen
Oxygen

66
Q

Which of the following elements has most valence electrons

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Carbon

Nitrogen

A

oxygen

67
Q

Who is responsible for the taxonomic system we use today to designate organisms as belonging to specific groups including genus and species?

Ignaz Semmelweis

Robert Koch

Carolus Linnaeus

Franscisco Redi

A

Carolus Linnaeus

68
Q

NADH (select all that apply)

is the reduced form of NAD+ in the ETC

is produced in glycolysis, transition, and Kreb’s cycle

allows for more ATP production than FADH2

is produced in photosynthesis non-cyclic reactions

is an oxidized molecule

A

is the reduced form of NAD+ in the ETC
is produced in glycolysis, transition, and Kreb’s cycle
allows for more ATP production than FADH2

69
Q

Van der Waal Interactions are the…

Transfer of electrons between atoms

Attraction of atoms caused by partial charges

Sharing of electrons by two or more atoms

Attraction of atoms caused by induced-partial charges

A

Attraction of atoms caused by induced-partial charges

70
Q

Photoautotrophs use what (2) things as an energy source?

A

Light + CO2

71
Q

Chemoautotrophs use what (2) things as an energy source?

A

CO2 + Nitrogen (OR SULFUR)

72
Q

Photoheterotrophs use what (2) things to produce energy?

A

Organic Compounds + Light/CO2

73
Q

What was the first disease shown to be bacterial in origin?

Tuberculosis
Smallpox
Anthrax
Malaria

A

Anthrax

74
Q

eukaryotes have _____ dna
prokaryotes have ____ dna

A

linear, circular

Microbiology (7 decks)

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