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zool too fiddy lecture > lecture 2- evolution and shti > Flashcards

lecture 2- evolution and shti Flashcards

1
Q

biological taxonomy

A

theory and practice of classifying organisms

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2
Q

biological systematics

A

theory and practice of classifying organisms

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3
Q

nomenclature

A

system of rules for naming things

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4
Q

what book did mr linnaeus write and what did it argue

A

systema naturae
argued for binomial system for species w genus and specific epithet

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5
Q

when do valid names for animals start

A

1758(when systema naturae for animals was out)w

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6
Q

what did the early linnaean system propose

A

nested categories or ranks
ie kingdom class, order, genus, specific epithet(species)

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7
Q

the taxonomic ranks

A

hierarchially nested,
,domain, kingdom, phylum, subphylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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8
Q

taxon/ taxa

A

groups that have been given names

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9
Q

how is the scientific name written

A

-genus and species are italicized
-taxon names capitalized(except species)
-author of species description sometimes beside the species name

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10
Q

ICZN

A

international code for zoological nomenclature
-ie the rules for naming

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11
Q

what happens when taxa is higher than superfamily

A

ICZN doesnt control, may be more than one name for taxa

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12
Q

what happens when taxa lower than super family

A

names controlled by ICZN
one official name for taxa at each rank

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13
Q

extant

A

still alive

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14
Q

extinct

A

no longer any living members

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15
Q

what happens after potentially new species compared to similars and found to be new?

A

taxonomists describe and publish its description into scientific journal

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16
Q

what does describing a new species involve?

A

taking measurements and making drawings and taking photos, noting differences b/w new guy and already described mfs

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17
Q

what is a type

A

individual specimen- holotype
or individual species or genus upon which the next higher entity is based
ie H acanthocharis is type species of heatherella which is the type genus of heatherellidae

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18
Q

what is the family level taxa suffix

A

idae

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19
Q

what is the superfamily level suffix

A

oidea

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20
Q

what did linnaeus suggest about the origin of spcies

A

species in a genus arise after the creation of the world through hybridization

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21
Q

charles darwin’s idea of phylogenesis

A

phylogenic relationships could be portrayed in a tree like formal

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22
Q

significance of Haeckel

A

first to use real taxa rather than hypothetical for his trees

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23
Q

what is the goal of taxonomy and systematics

A

create taxonomies that as closely as possible reflect phylogenic relationships

24
Q

what happens to the name of the author when a species moved to diff genus

A

parentheses around author and date

25
Q

Willi Hennig approach
where is it used most
what is it called

A

approached to phylogenetics that what logical and repeatable
non molecular data2
AKA cladistics

26
Q

what was the phylogenic system like before hennig?

A

ad authoritarian
“im the expert so these are the features used for systematics”

27
Q

the main points of cladistics (4)

A

1) taxa relationshoips follow dichotomously branching patterns displayed on diagrams called cladograms
2) synapomorphies provide only evidence for recentness of common ancestry
3) choice bw mfsdecided on parsimony
4) taxonomy should be based on phylogeny, and phylogenic rlshps should be recontructable based on taxonomy

28
Q

outgroup

A

taxa known or suspected to have split off prior to diversification of taxa of interest

29
Q

ingroup

A

-taxa whose rlshps you wish to untangle
-diversified through character states

30
Q

what does 1 and 0 mean in a compile list

A

0- state shown by outgroup
1- different state from that shown by outgroup

31
Q

what are outgroup states assumbed to be
what about ingroup states

A

ancestral
derived

32
Q

what is a polarized state change

A

evolutionary direction 0 —> 1

33
Q

whats the difference b/w rooted and unrooted trees and what makes a tree rooted

A

unrooted: directionality and evolutionary changes unclear
rooted: direction of evolutionary changes clear
what makes it rooted: outgroups

34
Q

clade

A

group that contains all descendants of a common ancestor, no others

35
Q

what happens if a clade is named

A

it is also a taxon

36
Q

do named clades have to be given ranks

A

no

37
Q

synapomorphies

A

shared derived traits present in more than one ingroup taxon

38
Q

symplesionmorphies

A

shared, ancestral traits

39
Q

autamorphies

A

derived traits present in one taxon

40
Q

what do hash markes indicate on a tree

A

characters hypothesized to have changed state

41
Q

william of ockham- whatd he do

A

argued the cpinciple of parsimony, or occams razor
-most parsimonious(least amt of steps) is the best one

42
Q

homologous character states

A

more than one species, and that arose in the common ancestor of that group

43
Q

homoplasious states

A

present in more than one species but arose independently more than once
-convergent or parallel evolution

44
Q

reversal

A

type of homoplasy
-reversal from a derived to an ancestral state

45
Q

convergence

A

two or more lineages evolve independently towards similar state

46
Q

divergence

A

two or more lineages evolve independently to become less similar

47
Q

radiations

A

multiplle divergences from a common ancestor resulting in >2 descendant lineages

48
Q

parallel evolution

A

two or more species of closely related taxa achieve similar evolutionary modifications

49
Q

what is the goal of cladistic reconstruction

A

homology is maximized and homoplasy (including reversals) are minimized
-will be the most parsimonious

50
Q

sister clades

A

two clades that share a more recent common ancestor

51
Q

consensus tree

A

summarizes agreements as resolved dichotomous branches, disagreements as polytomies

52
Q

monophyletic taxa

A

named clades that contain all descendants of a common ancestor

53
Q

paraphyletic

A

missing one or more descendants

54
Q

polyphyletic

A

include species that do not share a most recent common ancestor

55
Q

phylogenies and classification are not immutable truths, they are

A

hypotheses to be tested

56
Q

what is molecular phylogenic revolution

A

conflicts between molecular and non molecular datasets

some classifications are changed after additional analyses to support the new interpretation

57
Q

the 3 domains

A

eukarya, bacteria, archaea

zool too fiddy lecture (11 decks)

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