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zool too fiddy lecture > lec 6 > Flashcards

lec 6 Flashcards

1
Q

phylum porifera species richness marine and freshwater

A

freshwater 200 species
marine 9000

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2
Q

phylum Porifera vs rest of metazoa

A

-show least cellular differentiation and integration of all metazoa
-lack cross striated ciliary rootlets
-almost all sponge adults are sessile

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3
Q

what symmetry do sponges have

A

no clear axes of symmetry

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4
Q

Ponifera water canal system components

A

ostia
oscula or osculum
spongeocoel

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5
Q

ostia

A

one or a few large incurrent pores

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6
Q

oscula, osculum

A

few or one large excurrent pores

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7
Q

spongocoel

A

spacious water filled central cavity
nota true coelom

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8
Q

chonanocytes

A

flagellated cells that water flows through

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9
Q

non cellular filler material

A

mesohyl

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10
Q

internal skeleton of ponifera

A

made of calcareous or silicious spicules or collagenous spongin( or both)

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11
Q

cells relatively autonomous and show

A

totipotency or pluripotency

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12
Q

totipency and pluripotency

A

capacity to transport into all (totipotency) or most cell types (pluripotency)

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13
Q

what are the two major growth forms of sponges

A

upright and encrusting

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14
Q

3 body plans in sponges

A

ascon

sycon

leucon

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15
Q

ascon type

A

single flagellated pumping cavity(spongocoel)

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16
Q

sycon type

A

many flagellated canals connected to spongocoel

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17
Q

leucon type

A

many flagellated chambers connected by non flagellated canals

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18
Q

all 3 body plans occur in class

A

calcarea

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19
Q

flat cells that form outer body covering

A

pinacocytes

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20
Q

pinacocytes form the

A

pinacoderm

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21
Q

some sponge species, pinacoderm acts like

A

true’
epithelial tissue

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22
Q

archaeocytes
what are they also known as

A

amoeboid cells that
can transform into any cell type (totipotent)
amoebocytes

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23
Q

encircle osculum and
flagellated chambers, can open and close oscula

A

myocytes

24
Q

tubular cells

A

porocytes

25
Q

choanocytes

A

(collar cells) in
choanocyte layer
punnping and feeding, can transform to sperm

26
Q

hexactinellids unique features

A

main part of their body becomes syncytial

27
Q

syncytium

A

-fused multinucleate mass of cystoplasm in common cell membrane
-allows electrical signals to travel
-analogous to nervous system of other animals

28
Q

skeletal support in sponges

A

-collagen fibres:
are either loosely dispersed in the mesohyl
-spongin: sturdy network of large strands
-spicules

29
Q

spongin skeletons occur only in some
what sponges only have spongin in they skeleton

A

demospongiae
bath sponges

30
Q

what do spicules consist of?

A

calcium carbonate or silicon

31
Q

Monorhaphis chuni

A

very long spicule running through centre of its body

32
Q

feeding in sponges

A

-the choanocytes capture food like choanoflagellates
-phagocytized
-capture very tiny particles
-they form mutualisms or can be predatory

33
Q

what happens w sponge mutualism

A

-many sponges harbour photosynthetic
endosymbionts
-sponge privide nitrogen symbionts provide carrbohydrates

34
Q

sponge sneezing

A

-special non-mobile cilia on
osculum lining sense when the water flow is reduced
-myocytes contract and “sneeze” water and blockage out

35
Q

what happens if osculum removed?

A

no sneeze, why it is thought as analogous to sense organ

36
Q

how do most sponges reproduce?

A

they are sequentially hermaphroditic
-either protandry or protogyny

37
Q

protogyny

A

female first and then male

38
Q

protandry

A

male first and female later

39
Q

lecithotrophy

A

larva swims only briefly before settlement, getting all the
food it needs from its yolk supply

40
Q

brooding species

A

-fertulizatiin internal in the female sponge
-larvae are brooded in the female until they to swim via cilia or flagella

41
Q

broadcast spawning species fertilization

A

occurs in
the water

42
Q

sexual reproduction in sponges
andwhat transforms to the sperm and eggs

A

-choanocytes transform into
sperm (collar dropped) and eggs
-sometimes eggs and sperms released broadcast spawning or free spawning
-sometimes eggs retained and sperm broadcasted

43
Q

how many different types of embryogenesis

A

many
however, at
least briefly, more than
one layer of cells is
present

44
Q

do sponges reproduce asexually

A

most species also
have asexual
reproduction
-budding
and/or fragmentation

45
Q

Repair and recognition in Porifera

A

-certain sponges are able to
reconstitute their bodies after cells are separated
-cell-cell recognition theory inspired

46
Q

Freshwater sponges unique features

A

special resistant
structures called gemmules that can
withstand freezing and drought

47
Q

Economic uses for sponges

A

-bath sponge industry
-bioprospecting for pharmaceutical chemicals because of their antimicrobial, antiviral chemical defences

48
Q

Jurassic Period glass sponges

A

glass sponge reefs were once
thought to have disappeared

49
Q

class calcarea

A

the calcareous sponges

50
Q

Class Hexactinellida

A

glass sponges

51
Q

Class Demospongiae

A

most species-rich
only class that includes freshwater spp.

52
Q

Class Homoscleromorpha common name

A

no common name

53
Q

Calcarea
skeleton structure

A

calcareous spicules with 3 rays, no spongin

54
Q

Demospongiae skeleton structure

A

-: silica spicules never 6-
rayed, some have spongin + spicules and some only spongin

55
Q

Hexactinellida: skele structure

A

silica spicules, with 3 or 6 rays, no spongin

56
Q

Homoscleromorpha skeleton structure

A

: small silica spicules called calthrops
that have 4 rays, no spongin

zool too fiddy lecture (11 decks)

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