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zool too fiddy lecture > lec 3 metazoa key characters > Flashcards

lec 3 metazoa key characters Flashcards

1
Q

metazoa

A

a phylogeny of kingdom animalia

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2
Q

what cellularity are protists?

A

almost always unicellular

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3
Q

what cellularity are fungi?

A

multicellular

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4
Q

what cellularity are plants and aimals

A

always multicellular

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5
Q

why is it hard to distinguish multicellular vs single celled

A

because of the continuum between them

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6
Q

how many times has multicellularity evolved

A

as many as 25 to as few as 13

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7
Q

what are the 5 criteria of multicellilarity

A

1) not viable as single cell
2) cells are interdependent
3)morphologically differentiated for different tasks
4) 2 or more cells work in a coordinated fashion on a common task
5) 2 or more layers of cells are present in organisms body

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8
Q

cillia vs flagella

A

cillia: shorted beat stiffly
flagella: long and beat undulating- more than one curve

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9
Q

symmetrical

A

animals can be split into similar halves along at least one axis of their body

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10
Q

asymmetrical

A

lack plane of symmetry

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11
Q

spherical symmetry

A

completely spherical shape and many planes of symmetry

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12
Q

where is spherical symmetry seen

A

a few protists

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13
Q

radial symmetry

A

body parts arranged radially around a central oral- aboral axis

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14
Q

where is radial symmetry seen most

A

some sponges, and some cnidarian polyps

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15
Q

Biradial symmetry

A

aboral axis but differentiation on the body. Means two planes of symmetry

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16
Q

where is biradial symmetry seen

A

most ctenophores

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17
Q

quadriradial symmetry

A

there are four planes of symmetry

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18
Q

where is quadriradial symmetry seen

A

cnidarian medusae

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19
Q

pentaradial symmetry

A

oral/ aboral axis and 5 planes of symmetry

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20
Q

where is pentaradial symmetry seen

A

echinoderms

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21
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

single anterior posterior plane divides body into mirrored left and right halves

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22
Q

where is bilateral symmetry seen

A

bilateria clade

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23
Q

mitotic binary fission

A

asexual reproduction
protists not metazoans

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24
Q

fragmentation
Where does it occur??

A

worm mfs splitting
sponges, many worm phyla
asexual

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25
Q

budding

A

where a bud results in independent individual or it remains attached.
asexual

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26
Q

attached buds result in

A

colony

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27
Q

animal colonies

A

multicellular organisms physically connected and are genetically identical.

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28
Q

sexual reproduction

A

involves fusion of two meiotically produced haploid cells (gametes) to form diploid zygote

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29
Q

egg

A

larger, non motile, made by females

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30
Q

sperm

A

smaller and motile, usually flagellated, made by males

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31
Q

yolk

A

nutritive material inside egg

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32
Q

isolecithal

A

egg have yolk particles distributed evenly through the cytoplasm

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33
Q

telolecithal

A

yolk concentrated towards one end of the egg

34
Q

centrolecithal

A

yolk concentrated at centre of the cell

35
Q

hermaphroditism

A

single individual can make both eggs and sperm

36
Q

type of hermaphroditism where individual makes both ehhs and sperm at same time

A

simultaneous hermaphroditism

37
Q

hermodaphroditism where eggs and sperm at seperate times in animals life

A

sequential hermaphroditism

38
Q

parthenogenesis

A

females produce eggs that develop into offspring without being fertilized

39
Q

word for when unfertilized haploid eggs develop into males and the fertilized ones develop to females

A

haplodiploid parthenogenesis

40
Q

word for unfertilized diploids eggs develop to females and no males are produced

A

all-female parthenogenesis

41
Q

ontogeny

A

process when individual transforms from single celled zygote to multi celled embryo and from that to reproductive adult

42
Q

embryogenesis

A

patterns in the early stages of development

43
Q

cleavage

A

the initial cell divisions of a zygote

44
Q

how thoroughly blastomeres separate from eachother depends on the distribution of:

A

yolk in the egg

45
Q

initial products of cleavage

A

blastomeres

46
Q

holoblastic cleavage

A

involves complete separation of the blastomeres and occurs in isolecithal and lightly telolecithal eggs

47
Q

meroblastic cleavage

A

involves incomplete separation of the blastomares and occurs in strongly telolecithal eggs bc cell membranes cant penetrate the dense yolk

48
Q

radial cleavage

A

early cell divisions after the 5 cell stage stack the new blastomeres directly above the previous ones

49
Q

spiral cleavage

A

new row of blastomeres is twisted slightly off centre

50
Q

holoblastic cleavage results in

A

a hollow ball of cells

51
Q

what does meroblastic cleavage result in?

A

a cap of cells lying on top of the yolk

52
Q

true tissues

A

collection of simmilar cells, and a extracellular matrix, that arise from the same embryonic origin that together carry out a specific function

53
Q

organs

A

formed by the same functional grouping together of multiple tissue samples

54
Q

germ layers

A

embryonic tissue layers

55
Q

diploblastic

A

taxa have only endoderm and ectoderm

56
Q

triploblastic

A

have endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm

57
Q

gastrulation

A

-initial formation of the embryonic tissue layers
-also forms the embryonic gut

58
Q

embryo is a

A

gastrula

59
Q

blind gut

A

incomplete gut
a mouth but no anus

60
Q

what does the blastospore become

A

the mouth

61
Q

protostome style development

A

mouth develops first

62
Q

deuterostome style

A

mouth develops second

63
Q

coelom

A

body cavity filled with fluid created by animal

64
Q

are coeloms present in all triploblastic animals

A

no

65
Q

aoelomate

A

no fluid filled body cavity

66
Q

pseudocoelomate

A

fluid filled cavity is lined with mesoderm only on one side

67
Q

schizocoely

A

hollowing out of soluid masses of mesoderm to form one or more coelomic cavities

68
Q

enterocoely

A

out pocketing of mesoderm tissue associated with the gut walls

69
Q

skeleton

A

array of elements that support the body of an organism and may also play role in movement

70
Q

hydrostatic skeleton

A

fluid based skeleton

71
Q

rigid internal skeleton

A

endoskeleton

72
Q

rigid external skeleton

A

exoskeleton

73
Q

what is oxygen used for?

A

respiration to get rid of CO2 and other wastes,
transport nutrients

74
Q

how do extremely flat or small organism’s circulatory systems work?

A

diffusion

75
Q

how do large organism’s circulatory systems work?

A

move water through their bodies

76
Q

how do pseidocoelomates circulatory systems work

A

use fluid in their body cavities for internal transport

77
Q

closed circulatory system

A

blood kept seperate from coelomic fluid in closed vessels

78
Q

open circulatory system

A

blood and fluid in same cavity

79
Q

fluid in open circ system called what

A

haemolymph

80
Q

haemolymph flows through the

A

haemocoel

zool too fiddy lecture (11 decks)

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